供选择的电力发动技术.docx

1、供选择的电力发动技术Alternative Power Generation TechnologiesThe agenda for this course is as follows: First we will have a brief introduction to both the use of traditional power generation approaches for data centers and network rooms as well as various new power generation technologies that are becoming av

2、ailable. A review of traditional data center standby power acquisition modes with a focus on: Standby mode Continuous mode and Utility-interactive mode. A comparison of high availability power backup configurations; focusing specifically on dual path architecture and N+1 architecture. An analysis of

3、 the total cost of ownership (TCO) for each of these different approaches. A discussion of the following other important factors:EmissionsAvailabilityCapital costAlternating current (AC) to Direct Current (DC) power conversion issuesHeat/cooling capacitiesComplete utility independence Finally, we wi

4、ll end with a summary of the course.议程为这条路线是如下： 首先我们将有简要的介绍到对传统电力发动方法为数据中心和网络房间的用途并且变得可利用的各种各样的新的电力发动技术。 传统数据中心后备功率承购方式回顾与焦点： 准备方式连续的方式和公共事业交互式方式。 高可及性力量备份配置比较; 具体集中于双路径建筑学和N+1建筑学。 对归属(TCO)的总成本的分析为每一个种这些种不同的方法。 讨论关于以下其他重要因素： 放射可及性基建成本交变电流(AC)对Direct Current (DC)力量转换问题热或冷却容量完成公共独立 终于，我们以路线的总结将结束。Powe

5、r generation is a key component of high availability power systems for data centers and network rooms. Information technology systems may operate for a few minutes or even a few hours on battery or flywheel power, but local power generation capability is required to achieve “five-nines” availability

6、. Five-nines availability means that a network will be available 99.999% of the time, which is equivalent to approximately 5 minutes of downtime per year. In locations with poor power, power generation may be needed to achieve 99.99% or even 99.9% availability.电力发动是高可及性动力系统一个关键部件为数据中心和网络房间。 信息技术系统在电

7、池或飞轮力量也许经营在几分钟甚至几个小时，但要求地方电力发动能力达到“five-nines”可及性。 Five-nines可及性意味着网络将是可利用99.999%时间，与大约5分钟是等效的停工期每年。 在地点以恶劣的力量，电力发动也许是需要的达到99.99%甚至99.9%可及性。In the event that utility power is unavailable, accommodations for standby power are traditionally supplied by either diesel, natural gas or gas-fired generator

8、s. These generators are often configured in combination with an Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS). Depending on redundancy requirements, various UPS and generator configurations are possible. One of the most common configurations is N+1. An example of an N+1 configuration would be the installation

9、of two generators. If one fails to start up in an emergency situation, another is available for use as backup.在公共力量是无法获得的情况下，为后备功率柴油、天然气或者以煤气为燃料的发电器传统上提供膳宿。 这些发电器经常配置与一个不同断电源(UPS)的组合。 根据多余要求，各种各样的UPS和发电器配置是可能的。 其中一种最共同的配置是N+1。 N+1配置的例子是二台发电器的设施。 如果你在一个紧急情况的情况不开始，另是可利用的为使用作为备份。In standby mode, the ut

10、ility, which provides the Alternate Current (AC) power, is the primary source of power to the data center or network room. In this scenario, local power generation is used only as a backup during a scheduled shutdown or failure of the AC mains. A UPS is used to bridge the time delay while the standb

11、y system starts. This is the mode of operation used in over 99% of network rooms and data centers that have standby generators.在准备方式，公共事业，提供交流电(AC)力量，是力量的主源对数据中心或网络屋子。 在这个情景，地方电力发动仅使用作为备份在AC扼要期间的预定的停工或失败。 当备用系统开始时， UPS使用跨接时延。 这是有备用发电器的运作方式用于99%网络房间和数据中心。Generating capacity should be sized between tw

12、o and three times the UPSs end user rating. This provides an allowance for supplying the computers cooling and auxiliary support equipment in addition to its own power requirements. Furthermore, the generators frequency and voltage regulation characteristics must fit within the allowable operating r

13、ange of both the computer load and the UPS.If the generator lets the voltage or frequency drop to unacceptable levels and it exceeds the operating range of the UPS, or if the UPS malfunctions, the critical load will pass directly to the generator.应该估量发电能力在二和三倍之间UPS的终端用户规定值。 这为供应计算机的冷却和辅助支持设备提供容限除它自己

14、的功率需要量之外。 此外，发电器的频率和电压变动率特征必须合适在计算机装载和UPS内的允许的操作范围。 如果发电器让电压或频率下落到不能接受的水平和它超出UPS的操作范围，或者，如果UPS发生故障，临界荷载将通过直接地对发电器For emergency readiness, the generator should be tested regularly with at least half, but preferably a full load and should run for at least a 24 hour period so that supporting subsystem

15、components can also be tested. Generators, UPSs and transfer switches, and other critical items of IT power distribution systems should ideally be tested carrying their actual loads. When this is not possible, they should be tested using load banks sized to approximate the loads they must carry.Next

16、, we will look at continuous mode.为紧急情况的准备，应该通常测试发电器与至少半，但更好地满载，并且应该跑在至少一个24个小时期间，以便支持的子系统组分可能也被测试。 发电器、UPSs和调动开关和其他重要项目它功率分配系统应该理想地测试运载他们的实际装载。 当这不是可能的时，应该使用大小的装载银行测试他们接近装载他们必须运载。 其次，我们将看连续的方式。In continuous mode, local power generation, like a power plant on a college campus, is the primary source

17、of power for data centers and network rooms, and utility mains power is used only as a backup during a shutdown or failure of the local power generation. The loads may operate from the generator, if the local power generation and the utility fails, a UPS is used to bridge time delays during system s

18、witchover. The local generator usually supplies only the critical load. In some cases, if the local power generator is oversized when compared with the load, then the power generation system may be underutilized, or operate at an undesirable point on its efficiency curve. Finally lets look at the ut

19、ility interactive mode.在连续的方式，地方电力发动，象一个能源厂在学院校园，是力量的主源为数据中心和网络房间，并且公共主权仅使用作为备份在地方电力发动期间的停工或失败。 在系统大转变期间，如果地方电力发动和公共事业出故障， UPS用于跨接时间延误装载也许从发电器经营。 地方发电器通常供应仅临界荷载。 在某些情况下，如果地方发电器是过大的与装载比较，然后电力发动系统可以是利用不足的，或者操作在不受欢迎的点在它的效率曲线。 最后我们看公共对话方式。In utility interactive mode, local power generation is the primar

20、y source of power, and utility mains power is used only as a backup during a shutdown or failure of the local power generation. The local generator operates in parallel with the utility, such that any power generated in excess of the critical load feeds the utility. In this mode the excess power may

21、 simply offset other non-critical loads at the facility, or it may even reverse the power flow into the utility. Typically, a UPS is required to buffer the critical load from the raw utility power. The power generation system is normally operated at the most cost effective point on its efficiency cu

22、rve.在公共对话方式，地方电力发动是力量的主源，并且公共主权仅使用作为备份在地方电力发动期间的停工或失败。 地方发电器经营与公共事业，这样平行所有力量产生超出临界荷载哺养公共事业。 在这个方式剩余力量也许简单地抵销其他不重要的装载在设施，或者它也许甚而扭转功率流到公共事业里。 一般，要求UPS缓冲临界荷载从未加工的公共力量。 电力发动系统在它的效率曲线通常被管理在多数费用有效的点。A fuel cell is an electrochemical cell in which the energy of a reaction between a fuel, such as liquid hyd

23、rogen, and an oxidant, such as liquid oxygen, is converted directly and continuously into electrical energy. The fuel cell converts the energy from the chemical reaction directly into electrical energy, heat, and water; it is somewhat like a battery that requires no recharging.燃料电池是反应能量在燃料之间，例如液体氢和氧

24、化剂，例如液氧，直接地和连续被转换成电能的一个电化学细胞在。 燃料电池转换能量从化学反应直接地成电能、热和水; 它是有些象不要求充电的电池。Micro-turbine generators are small, high-speed power plants that usually include a turbine, compressor, generator, and power electronics to deliver the power. Micro-turbine generators have a high-speed gas turbine engine driving a

25、n integral electrical generator that can produce 20-100 kW of power while operating at a high speed, generally in the range of 50,000-120,000 RPM (rotations per minute). Electric power is produced in the 10,000s of Hertz, converted to high voltage DC, and then inverted back to 60 Hertz, 480V AC by a

26、n inverter.These two technologies will be compared with the traditional generator and UPS backup power modes.Lets talk first about existing fault tolerant configurations focused on dual path architecture and then look at N+1 architecture.微涡轮发电器是通常包括涡轮、压缩机、发电器和功率电子学提供力量的小，高速能源厂。 微涡轮发电器有一个高速燃气轮机引擎驾驶可能

27、导致20-100千瓦力量，当经营在高速，一般在50,000-120,000转每分钟时的一台缺一不可的电子发电器(自转范围内每分钟)。 电力在赫兹10,000s被生产，被转换成高压DC，然后被倒置回到60赫兹， 480V AC由变换器。 这二技术与传统发电器和UPS备用力量方式比较。 我们首先谈话关于于双路径建筑学集中的现有的容错配置然后看N+1建筑学。Any of the previously discussed modes of operation can enhance the availability of power by utilizing the following approac

28、hes:With dual path architecture, the entire power generation system would be duplicated. Ideally, this duplication would occur throughout the entire power system, all the way to the critical load. This would include utility feeders, utility transformers, standby generators, UPS systems, switchgear,

29、PDUs and dual computer power cords. The critical load itself would be configured to accept dual power inputs.In the case of N+1 architecture, the least reliable components in the power generation system would be comprised of multiple parallel units. Therefore if one component fails the other(s) woul

30、d be able to sustain the critical load. For example N+1 represents the minimum number of systems required to support the load plus an additional system. If the required load is 100 kW, both of the following would be acceptable as an example of “N+1”: 1 X 100 kW unit plus 1 X 100kW unit or 2 X50 kW u

31、nits plus 1 X 50 kW unit.Now that we have discussed the different modes and fault tolerance configurations, lets focus on identifying the total cost of ownership.其中任一种早先被谈论的运作方式可能通过运用以下方法提高力量的可及性： 以双路径建筑学，整个电力发动系统将复制。 理想地，这复制将发生在整个动力系统中，一直对临界荷载。 这将包括公共饲养者、公共变压器、备用发电器、UPS系统、互换机、PDUs和双重计算机电源线。 将配置临界荷载

32、接受双重功率输入。 在N+1建筑学情况下，最少可靠的组分在电力发动系统将包括多个平行的单位。 所以，如果一个组分发生故障其他能承受临界荷载。 例如N+1代表要求的系统的最小数字支持装载加上一个另外的系统。 如果必需的装载是100千瓦，两个以下是可接受的为例“N+1” ： 1 x 100千瓦单位加上1个X 100kW单位或2个X50千瓦单位加上1 x 50千瓦单位。 即然我们谈论了不同的方式和错误容许度配置，我们集中于辨认归属的总成本。Economics may not always be the dominant driver in selecting a power generation system, but cost and expense are always a very important consideration.The Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) of a power generation system consists of the following elements: Engineering costs Capital costs Installation/startup costs Maintenance costs Fuel costs Save