带答案的报刊选读教案1.docx

1、带答案的报刊选读教案1第17章 英美报刊选读（1）在报纸上通常能看到新闻报道和特写。新闻报道的主要目的是报道新闻事件。而特写是从新闻事态发展的某一个角度，讲述广大读者关心的种种情况和问题，给读者提供与新闻有关的东西。新闻报道(News Report) 英语的新闻报道在写作形式上与中文新闻报道可以说完全不一样，通常采用“倒金字塔”结构（inverted pyramid structure）, 即新闻写作按照新闻事实的重要性依次排列。一篇新闻报道通常有标题(headline)，导语(lead)，和主体（body）三个部分构成。新闻标题（headline）新闻标题是新闻不可分割的重要组成部分，也是读

2、者学习报刊英语的第一步。报刊的标题不仅要高度概括新闻的基本内容，起到画龙点睛的作用，而且为吸引读者要尽量把标题制作的标新立异和富有色彩，使读者“一见钟情”。新闻标题具有下列特点：1. 报刊文章的标题，仅靠字面很难翻译，往往需视文章内容而定，只有领会了标题的内涵，才能贴切地翻译标题。Blood Spills to Keep Oil Wealth Flowing (Los Angles Times, September 2002 )石油财富与鲜血一起在流淌 这篇报道是关于美国石油公司在哥伦比亚的石油管线经常遭到爆炸，哥军队在美国的压力下为保护管线多次与武装分子枪战。石油在管线内流，而鲜血在管线外流

3、Grieve Today, Mayor Says, and Then Grasp Tomorrow (The New York Times)市长呼吁：今天悲痛之后，应把握明天 这篇报道纽约举行活动，悼念“9.11事件”一周年，标题浓缩了市长的发言主题，认为更重要的是面对未来。这也反映了美国公众的务实态度。2. 在标题中一般省略虚词。如冠词、物主代词和助动词等在标题中一般都可以省略。原则上，不定冠词“a”可省略，但有时为了使意思清楚些，不定冠词必须加上，特别是在不定冠词表示“一个”的概念或易造成误解时，必须使用不定冠词。(The) bankers (Keep) Silent As (the) D

4、ollars Falls美元价跌，银行家保持沉默A 15-year Cover-up in Britain英国的一个掩盖了15年的秘密3. 新闻是新近发生的事实，因而英语的标题经常采用一般现在时，从形式上给读者一种“新近发生的事实”的感觉。另外，标题也常采用不定式表示未来的动作，用进行时表示正在延续的动作Carter Picks New Envoy to Mexico卡特选出驻墨西哥新特使Russia to Hold Polish Border Manoeuvres俄罗斯将在波兰边境举行军事演习Radio, TV Coverage Widening广播，电视覆盖面在拓宽4. 为了尽可能在有限篇

5、幅内浓缩较多的新闻内容，英语新闻标题中广泛使用缩略词和简缩词Nato to Seek New Secretary General北约寻求新任秘书长(Nato: North Atlantic Treaty Organization)Agro Exporters Seek Increased Quotas粮农出口国谋求增加配额（Agro：Agricultural）5. 形象化词汇和口语俗语最近在英语报刊的标题中不断出现，不仅使标题生动活泼，而且有时一语双关，妙趣横生Soccer Kicks off With Violence足球开踢，拳打脚踢在这则标题中，编辑巧妙地采用双关语，使标题妙趣横生没“k

6、ick off”也是足球比赛术语“开赛”，因而该标题可译为 ：“足球开踢，拳打脚踢”Wall Street Takes a Dive华尔街股票出现跳水行情“Take a dive(跳水)”，此处指股票市场的股票价格大幅度急剧下跌。这种表达给人一种视觉冲击。 6. 灵活使用修辞手段制作标题After the Boom Everything Is Gloom繁荣之后尽显萧条 （对称押韵） Middle East: a Cradle of Terror中东：恐怖主义的摇篮 （比喻）新闻导语（Lead）新闻导语是新闻报道的开头的第一段文字，也是最重要的部分，通常是标题的展开形式。记者必须把新闻事件的主

7、要情节用一两句话概括在新闻导语的第一段里。这是新闻报道的精华所在。1. 新闻导语的五个“w”和一个“H”按新闻报道的要求，导语尽可能的回答五个“W”和“H”，即 what(何事)、 who（何人）、 when（何时）、where（何地）、 why（为何）、和 how（如何）。这个观点曾被西方新闻界誉为金科玉律，但是由于新闻导语越来越精炼，因此，新闻导语在一般未必包含所有的新闻要素，而是突出其中最重要的新闻要素，其他要素可放在其他的段落中。Japanese electronics giant Sony an Swedish telecoms maker Ericsson kicked off a

8、 mobile phone joint venture yesterday in Beijing and said the city will soon become its major manufacturing base.Who：索尼公司与爱立信公司What：手机合资企业When：昨天Where：北京How：以北京为主要生产基地NEW DELHI, India -Close on the heels of a missile test by neighboring Pakistan, India on Friday tested its most sophisticated surface

9、-to-air missile from a remote testing range on the countrys eastern coast, a news agency said. Who : 印度What: 试验其最先进的地对空导弹 When: 星期五 Where: 该国家东海岸偏僻的试验场2 副导语在英语新闻报道中，还经常采用副导语的写作形式，记者想把导语写得尽量简洁，在第二段里交待相对次要的新闻要素，因此，在这种情况下第二段被称之为副导语。例如以下这两段美联社的新闻稿：WASHINGTON-Iraq could have a nuclear weapon by 2010 and

10、meanwhile is bolstering its stockpile of chemical and biological weapons, U.S. intelligence agencies report. The report, issued Friday by CIA officials, said the most pressing threat to be from Iraqs expanding biological weapons program, which relies on hard-to-find mobile production facilities. Ira

11、qs arsenal includes anthrax, it said.在导语中有：What: 伊拉克在年可能拥有核武器，并同时增加生化武器数量Who: 美国情报机构在副导语中有：When:星期五How:依靠难以发现的移动生产设施在副导语中记者还进一步说明导语要素，如Iraqs arsenal includes anthrax, it said（报告称，伊拉克的武器库中有炭疽武器）。主体（Body）长期以来，英文报刊广泛使用新闻导语法，形成独特的新闻结构。这种结构可以说是基本的新闻结构，也就是所谓的“倒金字塔”结构，它包括三个方面：1 按新闻事件内容的重要性递减的顺序来安排段落最重要、最精彩

12、、最吸引人的部分放在最前面，次要的放在稍后面，更次要的放在更后，最不重要的放在最后。在新闻报道的最后段落里，西方记者通常交待与新闻事实有关的背景知识，以及对事态的展望。这样读者在报道的前一两段里就可以了解事件的主要内容，如果有兴趣的话可以再继续阅读以后的段落，了解更多的细节。2 新闻报道的最前部分（通常是第一段），形成导语把最重要、最精彩、最吸引人的东西放在导语中，或者把全篇新闻内容高度概括成一个中心思想说出来。3 把新闻报道的全篇的精华提炼出来，形成标题“倒金字塔”结构符合现代人的需求，因为当代人的生活节奏很快，需要在最短的时间内了解新闻事件的最重要的东西，因此，记者会在写新闻报道时，开门见

13、山，将最重要、最精彩的内容首先呈现在读者面前。Snow Traps Tourists on Tibet RoadLHASA(Xinhua) - More than 100 motor vehicles and 300 passengers including some foreign tourists were trapped when highways in southwest Tibet became flooded following three days of snowfall.Four people were reported to have frozen to death and

14、two suffered from frostbite in Tingri Country on the Zhan-xigaze highway. No foreigners were listed among causalities.The highway, one of the busiest in the region, was expected to be re-opened to traffic on Tuesday evening.Stranded passengers were rescued by local people and troops who cleared the

15、highway and repaired breaksThe snow-fall between October 19 and 21 was unusually early, the regional weather office said.A weather station at Tingri Country recorded 115 millimeters of rainfall in 24 hours while 40 centimeters of snow fell between Tingri Country and Nyalam Country.这条新华社播发的英文电讯稿从结构上而

16、言，是一篇典型的“倒金字塔”消息，记者围绕游客被大雪困阻这一事件，严格按照新闻事实重要性递减的顺序来安排全文各个段落。在这篇报道中，随着段落的推移，新闻事实的重要性在递减，最后两段记者交待了有关的背景知识，使读者对新闻事实有全面的了解，这是新闻写作常见的手法，又时记者或编辑也喜欢在结束时引用有关权威人士的观点和意见预示事件的发展方向。这篇报道的导语包揽了所有的新闻要素：Who: more than 100 motor vehicles and 300 passengersWhat: cars and people were trapped by snowWhen: following thre

17、e days of snowfallWhere: highways in southwest TibetHow: trapped by snowWhy: highways became flooded特写（Feature） 特写从内容到形式都比较复杂，大致可分为新闻特写、解释性特写、人物特写、旅途特写等。特写作为软新闻（soft news）可以与新闻无关，但必须是读者感兴趣的东西。所以部分评论、专栏、人物专访、通讯、知识小品、旅行札记、趣闻及有人情味的文章都可叫做特写。 特写的篇幅一般比较长，不像新闻报道那样，按照倒金字塔的方式进行叙述。段落与段落之间的衔接比较紧密，用词造句比较讲究，不想新闻

18、报道那样随便。例如，在新闻报道中称“房子”为house,在特写中可能会使用具体和特定意义的词，shack（简陋小屋）、 shanty （棚屋）、cabin（小屋）、 bungalow（平屋）、 duplex（公寓套房）、 apartment house（公寓住房）、 mansion（大楼）等等。 英文报刊上的特写大都重视文章的开篇，力争把第一段写得精彩动人。巧妙地制造悬念、疑团以吸引读者，而不是像新闻报道的导语那样开门见山。例如Time杂志的一片特写NATO PLUS THREE（北约增加三名成员国），其中开篇为了制造悬念，作者不惜笔墨这样写道：After every great war th

19、e victors search for a way to safeguard their gains. In 1919 the Treaty of Versailles was intended to disarm Germany and keep it weak. Following Word War , the allies tried at Yalta and Potsdam to shape a re-ordered Europe but ended up splitting it between East and West. Now another world struggle,

20、the long, bitter cold war, has ended, and the architects of security are back at their drawing boards. They are trying to seal peace and stability into Europes future and, although they dont say so very loudly, hedge against the rise of a vengeful Russia. In Madrid this week, a summit meeting of the

21、 16 nations of NATO is starting to enlarge and reshape what is now usually described as the most successful alliance in history. The question is whether it will continue to be.在每次大战之后胜利者总是寻求一种捍卫自己胜利果实的方法。年的凡尔赛条约旨在解除德国武装，并且削落德国的实力。第二次世界大战之后，盟国在雅尔塔和波茨坦试图策划一个新秩序的欧洲，但是只能将欧洲分裂为东西方而告终。现在有一场世界斗争结束了，这就是长期而又

22、艰苦的冷战。安全的缔造者们回到了绘图板前，他们正在试图确定欧洲未来的永久和平与稳定第18章 英美报刊选读（2）Here Come the DINKs1丁克时代的来临 The Eagles cuddle2 with pooch3 Earthquake and contemplate4 a takeout pizza snack Double-income, no-kids couples are the latest subset By Martha SmilgisThe members of this newly defined species can best be spotted afte

23、r 9 p.m. in gourmet groceries5, their Burberry6 clothed arms reaching for the arugula7 or a Le Menu frozen flounder8 dinner. In the parking lot, they slide into their BMWs and lift cellular phones9 to their ears before zooming off to their architect-designed houses in the exurbs10. After warmly gree

24、ting Rover (often an akita11 or golden retriever12), they check to be sure the pooch services has delivered his nutritionally correct dog food. Then they consult the phone-answering machine, pop dinner into the microwave and finally sink into their Italian Leather to watch a videocassette of, say, l

25、ast weeks LA. Law or Cheers on their high-definition, large-screen stereo television.These speedy high rollers13 are upper-crust14 DINKs, double-income, no-kids couples. They flourish15 in the pricier suburbs as well as in gentrified16 urban neighborhoods. There is no time for deep freezers17 or sta

26、tion wagons18 in their voracious19, nonstop schedules. Many enterprising DINK couples slave for a combined 100-hour-plus workweek, a pace relieved by exotic20 vacations and expensive health clubs. Their hectic21 “time poor” life-style often forces them to schedule dinners with each other.Consider th

27、e pace of Michele Ward, 26, and Kenneth Hoffman,31, top executives at different Connecticut management-consulting firms. “The prime purpose of our answering machine at home is so we can keep in touch with each other,” says Ken of their jammed22 schedules. For pleasure, they sail and “cook seriously

28、together,” whipping up veal23 Normandy or Persian duck in pomegranate24 sauce. They subscribe to25 four gourmet magazines and have a collection of 150 cookbooks. Most recent vacation: three weeks in Tahiti and Bora Bora. “Part of me would like children, but, practically speaking, I dont see how,” sa

29、ys Michele, who estimates the earliest date for childbearing is 1993. Their ranch-style house has three bedrooms: one for the computer and one for their Samoyed26, Dillon.David Eagle, a Hollywood television producer, and Nancy Weingrow Eagle, 31, an entertainment lawyer, also fill out the DINK profi

30、le27. In order to earn their hefty 28incomes, each one works 50 to 60 hours a week. They have two dogs and care for them the way they decorate their homewhich is to say, lavishly29. “Earthquake, our Labrador-husky mix, has beautiful blue eyes. I have blue eyes, so people think Im his father,” jokes

31、David. “Were going skiing tomorrow and taking both dogs with us.” In the late 1960s he supported Eugene McCarthy and was labeled a hippie30. In the late 1970s he became a yuppie31. And accepts DINK as a natural evolution. Little DINKerbells, however, are not yet part of the progression. ”We have big

32、 responsibilities just being double income-ites,” explains David. ”We arent ready to give ready to give up the quality time32 that is necessary to devote to our careers and transfer that to children.”The origin of the acronym33 is not known, but it is often attributed to glib34 real estate agents or clever marketing M.B.A.s bored with the term yuppie. What separates DINKs from most other Americans is a much greater perc