翻译第一章教案修订.docx

1、翻译第一章教案修订电子教案内容索引第一章What is translation?1.1 Linguistic views on translation1.2 Cultural views on translation1.3 Literary views on translation1.4 Semantic views on translation1.5 Functional views on translation1.6 Communicative views on translation2. Important role of translation2.1 As a means of com

2、munication, translation plays an important role in human civilization.2.2 If a foreign language is generally accepted as a tool of life, translation then obviously serves as a dynamic means of employing this tool. A proper and dexterous巧妙 translation helps to promote mutual understanding between peo

3、ples of different cultural and social backgrounds, whereas a misunderstanding or improper rendering of words or expressions may lead to confusion.Examples: transliteration 字译或音译menu -菜单（计算机-选项、项目单）Renaissance - 文艺复兴芳芳 -（tooth of the dog or snake）五讲四美、三热爱 - five stresses, four beauties and three love

4、s抓紧施肥 - grasp manure mn, -nj 街道妇女 - street women白酒 - white wine 3. Nature, Scope and Process of Translation3.1 Brief Introduction of Translation （课本Page 1）3.2 Process of Communication（1）Intralingual Communication（语内交流）（2）Interlingual Communication （语际交流）A. 理解阶段的历时性B. 理解阶段的共时性翻译的过程 - 阅读、理解、表达、检验 （课本

5、Page 12-13）4. The Development, Principles or Criteria of Translation Theory4.1 The Four Developing Phases Of Translation Theory in China肇始阶段（佛经序翻译理论）：古典阶段（正名论翻译理论）：玄思阶段（哲学化翻译理论）：直觉阶段（文艺学翻译理论）：4.2 Translation Criteria Put Forward by Famous Translators or Translation Theorists 4.2.1 Translation Criter

6、ia Put Forward by Some Chinese Translators 课本page 3-44.2.2 Translation Criteria Put Forward by Western Translators or Theorists(1) Alexander Fraser Tytler：Three Principles of Translation(2) Peter Newmark: Communicative and Semantic Translation(3) Eugene ANida：Functional Equivalence4.3 Other Factors

7、Affecting the Evaluation of Translation5. The Requirements for Qualified Translators5.1 Excellent Command of the Two Languages5.2 Considerable Knowledge of the Two Cultures5.3 Adequate Knowledge of the Subject Matter5.4 Fair Capacity for Writing5.5 Plenty of Practice and Adequate Knowledge of Transl

8、ation Theories and Skills5.6 Skills in the Use of Information Technology6. Translation strategies6.1 Literal Translation（直译：可以改变某一级别上的结构，例如增词或减词） and Free Translation （意译：不限级翻译）Word-for-word 逐词翻译 （限级翻译）Free Translation- Literal Translation- Word-for-word6.2 Foreignizing Translation and Domesticating

9、 Translation6.3翻译的局限性6.4 不合格的翻译Chapter 1 General Introduction （8 periods） The First Three PeriodsTeaching Objectives:1. Have a good understanding of different views on translation (45 minutes).2. Be aware of the important role translation plays through the study of some cases (35 minutes).3. Be full

10、y aware of the nature, scope and two important processes of translation. (55 minutes)I. What is Translation? (45 minutes) Translation can be roughly defined as a reproduction or recreation in one language of what is written or said in another language. Being a very complicated human activity, its wh

11、ole picture is never easy to describe. Scholars with different academic backgrounds have attempted to define it from various perspectives.1.1 Linguistic Views on Translation (7 minutes) Translation theorists from the linguistic school conceive of translation as a linguistic activity and some believe

12、 that translation theory is a branch of linguistics, approaching 着手处理the issues of translating primarily from the viewpoint of the linguistic differences between source and target texts. * Translation may be defined as the replacement of textual material in one language (the source language) by equi

13、valent textual material in another language (the target language) (Catford 1965: 20). * Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor受体 language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style (Nida & Taber 1969: 12). * Tr

14、anslation theory derives from comparative linguistics, and within linguistics, it is mainly an aspect of semantics语义学; all questions of semantics relate to translation theory (Newmark 1982/1988: 5).1.2 Cultural Views on Translation ( 8 minutes) In the cultural approach方法，方式；手段；步骤；态度, translation is

15、regarded not only as a transfer of linguistic signs, but also as a communication of cultures, i.e. translation is an intercultural communication; hence the terms of intercultural cooperation, acculturation文化互渗, and transculturation跨文化，交叉文化，涉及多种文化. * Translation is a process which occurs between cult

16、ures rather than simply between languages (Shuttleworth & Cowie 1997: 35). * A translator who uses a cultural approach is simply recognizing that each language contains elements which are derived from its culture (such as greetings, fixed expressions and REALIA实际存在), that every text is anchored 深嵌于i

17、n a specific culture, and that conventions of text production and reception vary from culture to culture (Shuttleworth & Cowie 1997: 35). * For truly successful translating, biculturalism两种文化 is even more important than bilingualism两种语言, since words only have meanings in terms of the cultures in whi

18、ch they function (Nida 2001: 82).*翻译不仅涉及语言问题，也涉及文化问题。译者不仅要了解外国的文化，还要深入了解自己民族的文化。不仅如此，还要不断地把两种文化加以比较，因为真正的对等应该是在各自文化中的含义、作用、范围、感情色彩、影响等等都是相当的。翻译者必须是一个真正意义的文化人。人们会说：他必须掌握两种语言；确实如此，但是不了解语言当中的社会文化，谁也无法真正掌握语言(王佐良1989)。1.3 Literary Views on Translation ( 8 minutes) 文学观点 Translators who hold this view beli

19、eve that translation is an artistic recreation or a recreated art. Some modern Western scholars from the literary school take literary translation to be the manipulation 操作处理or rewriting of the source texts. *文学翻译的任务是要把原作中包含的一定社会生活的映象完好无损地从一种语言移注到另一种语言中，在翻译过程中追求语言的艺术美，再现原作的艺术性。用茅盾的话说，是“使读者在读译文的时候能够像

20、读原作时一样得到启发、感动和美的感受”。 语言是塑造文学形象的工具，因而文学的形象性特征必然要在语言上表现出来。文学语言的特征，诸如形象、生动、鲜明、含蓄、凝练、准确、风趣、幽默、辛辣、滑稽、悦耳、民族特点、地方色彩，还有行业习语、民间的俚语、谚语等等，都是作家根据塑造形象的需要，从现实生活中提炼创造出来的。文学作品的艺术形式与思想内容是辩证统一的，翻译要保存原作风格特点，因此要求译文生动形象、形神毕肖、雅俗等同、简洁精美、词情并茂(译学辞典2004：291)。1.4 Semantic Views on Translation ( 7 minutes) 语义观点 This view focus

21、es on the semantic equivalence between the two languages, as well expressed by Eugene Nida (1986): Translating means translating meaning. * Translation is rendering 翻译the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended the text (Newmark1988: 5). * Semantic translation: th

22、e translator attempts, within the bare syntactic and semantic constraints of the target language, to reproduce the precise contextual 上下文的meaning of the author (Newmark 1982: 22). * In semantic translation, greater attention is paid to rendering the authors original thought-processes in target langu

23、age than to attempting to re-interpret source text in a way which the translator considers more appropriate for the target setting (Shuttleworth & Cowie1997: 151).1.5 Functional Views on Translation (7 minutes) 功能观点 Functionalists believe that translation is a specific form of human action with a ce

24、rtain purpose, a kind of linguistic service provided to the society. Translators should take into account the needs of the client, the reader as well as the purpose or use of the translation: * It is not the source text, or its effects on the source-text recipient, or the function assigned to it by

25、the author, that determines the translation process, but the prospective function or purpose of the target text as determined by the initiators, i.e. clients, needs (Baker 2001: 236).1.6 Communicative Views on Translation ( 7 minutes) 交际的观点 This approach views translation as a communicative process

26、which takes place within a social context. * Communicative translation: the translator attempts to produce the same effect on the target language readers as was produced by the original on the source language readers (Newmark 1982: 22). * Communicative translation is generally oriented towards the n

27、eeds of the target language reader or recipient接受者. A translator who is translating communicatively will treat source text as a message rather than a mere string of linguistic units, and will be concerned to preserve source texts original function and to reproduce its effect on the new audience (Shu

28、ttleworth & Cowie 1997: 21). The above views help us to understand the complex nature of translation. Since there are many factors which affect the translation process, translation is a complicated human activity.II. Important Role of Translation (35 minutes)Translation is a rendering翻译 from one lan

29、guage into another, i.e., the faithful representation in one language of what is written or said in another language.As a means of communication, translation plays an important role in human civilization. In the West, literary translation can be traced back to 300 BC, while in China, recorded transl

30、ation activities are even earlier, dating from the Zhou Dynasty (1100 BC). However, not until recent centuries, especially by the end of the 19th century did systematic study of translation get underway开展，开始，启动. In the past decades translation theories and activities have developed fast both at home

31、 and abroad.A modern society sees目睹;经历;见证 an extensive use of translation on various occasions. If a foreign language is generally accepted as a tool of life, translation then obviously serves as a dynamic means of employing this tool. A proper and dexterous巧妙 translation helps to promote mutual und

32、erstanding between peoples of different cultural and social backgrounds, whereas a misunderstanding or improper rendering of words or expressions may lead to confusion. Take the familiar word menu for example. Its original meaning is a list of dishes in a meal or to be ordered as separated meals, esp. in a restaurant, and the Chinese equivalent seems to be clear: 菜单. However, when used in computer science, menu no longer carries the ori