清华在线GCT英语精讲语法共34页word资料.docx

1、清华在线GCT英语精讲语法共34页word资料2019年GCT英语语法我国古代的读书人,从上学之日起,就日诵不辍,一般在几年内就能识记几千个汉字,熟记几百篇文章,写出的诗文也是字斟句酌,琅琅上口,成为满腹经纶的文人。为什么在现代化教学的今天,我们念了十几年书的高中毕业生甚至大学生,竟提起作文就头疼,写不出像样的文章呢?吕叔湘先生早在1978年就尖锐地提出:“中小学语文教学效果差,中学语文毕业生语文水平低,十几年上课总时数是9160课时,语文是2749课时,恰好是30%,十年的时间,二千七百多课时,用来学本国语文,却是大多数不过关,岂非咄咄怪事!”寻根究底,其主要原因就是腹中无物。特别是写议论文

2、,初中水平以上的学生都知道议论文的“三要素”是论点、论据、论证,也通晓议论文的基本结构:提出问题分析问题解决问题,但真正动起笔来就犯难了。知道“是这样”,就是讲不出“为什么”。根本原因还是无“米”下“锅”。于是便翻开作文集锦之类的书大段抄起来,抄人家的名言警句,抄人家的事例,不参考作文书就很难写出像样的文章。所以,词汇贫乏、内容空洞、千篇一律便成了中学生作文的通病。要解决这个问题,不能单在布局谋篇等写作技方面下功夫,必须认识到“死记硬背”的重要性,让学生积累足够的“米”。 北京精讲班其实,任何一门学科都离不开死记硬背,关键是记忆有技巧,“死记”之后会“活用”。不记住那些基础知识,怎么会向高层次

3、进军?尤其是语文学科涉猎的范围很广,要真正提高学生的写作水平,单靠分析文章的写作技巧是远远不够的,必须从基础知识抓起,每天挤一点时间让学生“死记”名篇佳句、名言警句,以及丰富的词语、新颖的材料等。这样,就会在有限的时间、空间里给学生的脑海里注入无限的内容。日积月累,积少成多,从而收到水滴石穿,绳锯木断的功效。 一、语法讲解观察内容的选择，我本着先静后动，由近及远的原则，有目的、有计划的先安排与幼儿生活接近的，能理解的观察内容。随机观察也是不可少的，是相当有趣的，如蜻蜓、蚯蚓、毛毛虫等，孩子一边观察，一边提问，兴趣很浓。我提供的观察对象，注意形象逼真，色彩鲜明，大小适中，引导幼儿多角度多层面地进

4、行观察，保证每个幼儿看得到，看得清。看得清才能说得正确。在观察过程中指导。我注意帮助幼儿学习正确的观察方法，即按顺序观察和抓住事物的不同特征重点观察，观察与说话相结合，在观察中积累词汇，理解词汇，如一次我抓住时机，引导幼儿观察雷雨，雷雨前天空急剧变化，乌云密布，我问幼儿乌云是什么样子的，有的孩子说：乌云像大海的波浪。有的孩子说“乌云跑得飞快。”我加以肯定说“这是乌云滚滚。”当幼儿看到闪电时，我告诉他“这叫电光闪闪。”接着幼儿听到雷声惊叫起来，我抓住时机说：“这就是雷声隆隆。”一会儿下起了大雨，我问：“雨下得怎样?”幼儿说大极了，我就舀一盆水往下一倒，作比较观察，让幼儿掌握“倾盆大雨”这个词。雨

5、后，我又带幼儿观察晴朗的天空，朗诵自编的一首儿歌：“蓝天高，白云飘，鸟儿飞，树儿摇，太阳公公咪咪笑。”这样抓住特征见景生情，幼儿不仅印象深刻，对雷雨前后气象变化的词语学得快，记得牢，而且会应用。我还在观察的基础上，引导幼儿联想，让他们与以往学的词语、生活经验联系起来，在发展想象力中发展语言。如啄木鸟的嘴是长长的，尖尖的，硬硬的，像医生用的手术刀样，给大树开刀治病。通过联想，幼儿能够生动形象地描述观察对象。 二、考点解析三、重点项目四、实训演练安静20190629语法讲解1、时态：英语有九种基本时态：一般现在时、现在进行时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在完成时、现在完成进行时、过去将来时、过去进行

6、时、过去完成时、过去完成进行时。1）一般现在时一般现在时主要强调事实、经常发生的动作或存在的状态。动词be 除第一人称单数用am，第三人称单数用is外，其余一律用are。动词have 除第三人称单数用has外，其余一律用have。行为动词（实义动词）除第三人称单数外，其余一概与动词原形同形。动词第三人称单数加s的方法：一般直接在词尾加s: swims, likes, wants以s, x, ch, sh, o 结尾的词，在词尾加es: washes, teaches, goes以辅音字母+y结尾的词，先将y变i再加es: studies, flies句子中常出现频度副词always（总是），o

7、ften（经常），usually（通常），sometimes（有时），seldom（很少），every day（每天），once a week（每周一次）等。2） 现在进行时现在进行时表示现在正在进行或发生的动作。构成：be(am/is/are)+动词-ing动词-ing叫做现在分词，其构成如下：（1） 一般在动词原形末尾加-ing: going, asking, looking（2） 以不发音的字母e结尾的动词，先去掉e再加-ing: writing, closing, taking（3） 以“元音字母+辅音字母”的重读音节结尾的动词，先双写这个辅音字母，再加-ing: getting, r

8、unning, swimming, beginning3） 一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态，常和表示过去的时间状语连用，如：yesterday, last night, in 2019, two weeks ago等。表示过去经常或反复发生的动作，常和often, always等表示频度的副词连用。规则动词过去式的构成如下：（1） 在动词原形末尾+ed: looklooked, playplayed（2） 结尾是e的动词+d: livelived, hopehoped（3） 结尾是“元音字母+辅音字母”的重读音节词，先双写这个辅音字母，再+ed: stopstopped, t

9、riptripped（4） 结尾是“辅音字母+y”的动词，先变y为i，再+ed: studystudied, carrycarried不规则动词要逐一记忆，可参考不规则动词表。4） 一般将来时一般将来时表示将来某一时间的动作或状态，常与tomorrow, next week, from now on, in the future等连用。由助动词shall（第一人称）/will（第二、三人称）+动词原形构成。美国英语则不管什么人称，一律用will。“be going to+动词原形”表示即将发生的或最近打算进行的事：We are going to have a meeting today. 今天

10、我们要开会。一些动词（go，come，start，move，sail，leave，arrive，stay等）的进行时态可表示近期的计划和打算：Im leaving for Beijing.我要去北京。“be to+动词原形”表示按计划要发生的事或征求对方意见：Are we to go on with this work? 我们继续干吗？“be about to+动词原形”表示即将发生的动作，意为：很快，马上。后面一般不跟时间状语：We are about to leave.我们马上就走。5）现在完成时现在完成时现在完成时表示到现在为止以前发生的动作或情况，强调其结果对现在的影响基本构成形式为：

11、has/have+过去分词。常和完成时连用的副词和短语：already, yet, just, ever, never, up to now, so far, before today, these days, in the past two years, for two weeks, for a long time, since 1980, since we began to learn Englishfor和since的区别（1）for用于过去的一段时间（动词必须是可以延续的）He has been there for six months. （2）since用于过去的一个确切的时间：si

12、nce +一段时间ago；since一个时间点；since从句。He has stayed here since 3 hours ago.He has stayed here since 3 oclock.He has been interested in collecting coins since he was a child.（3）already用于肯定句中；yet用于否定句和疑问句中。 He has already visited many places in China. The train hasnt arrived yet. Has she arrived yet? （4）“ha

13、ve been to”（去过） 和“have gone to”（去了） He has gone to Beijing.（He is there or is on his way there.） He has been to Shanghai. （He was there once, but he is not there now.）（5）短暂性动词通常不能和表示一段的时间状语连用。如： 错：He has died for 3 years. 正：He has been dead for 3 years. 正：He died 3 years ago. 错：How long have you bor

14、rowed it? 正：How long have you kept it?现在完成时与一般过去时的区别（1）现在完成时强调过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响，而一般过去时不强调过去的动作与现在的关系。 I have lost my pen.（强调我现在没有笔） I lost my pen.（过去笔掉了，没说明现在是否有笔）（2）现在完成时不可和表过去的时间状语连用，但一般过去时可和表过去的时间状语，如yesterday, last week, three days ago, just now等连用。6） 现在完成进行时 现在完成进行时的构成：has/have + been +过去分词。 表示现在

15、以前这一段时间里一直在进行的一个动作，该动作可能仍然在进行。- -How long have you been skating? -Ive been skating since nine oclock. 在强调动作延续时间的长久时，用现在完成进行时更多一些。 试比较：Ive been writing an article.（还在写）我一直在写文章。Ive written an article.（已完成）我已经写过一篇文章。7） 过去将来时 过去将来时表示从过去某时看来将要发生的事情。 由would加动词原形构成.。 过去将来时常用在宾语从句中。 He told me he would call

16、 me tomorrow. The teacher wanted to know when you would finish your homework.8）过去进行时 过去进行时表示过去某一时刻或某段时间正在进行的动作。 过去进行时由was（第一、三人称单数）和were（其余人称和数）加现在分词所构成。 过去进行时往往须用特定的时间状语来表示。 The boy was walking down the street when the UFO landed. The girl was shopping when the alien got out.9） 过去完成时 过去完成时表示在过去某一时间

17、或动作以前已经完成了的动作，就是“过去的过去”。 由助动词had+动词的过去分词构成。 可表达一个一直延续到过去某一时间的动作。 可用在间接引语中，以表示直接引语中的现在完成时态。 注意：过去完成时是一个相对的时间概念，它并不能独立地存在，它表示的是在某个特定的过去时间以前所发生的事，离开这个特定的过去时间，就不存在过去完成时，因此不能把它理解为“很早以前的事”。掌握好过去完成时的关键是要特别注意句中动词与动词之间，动词与时间状语之间的先后关系。10）过去完成进行时2. 语态： 1）英语的语态分为主动语态(active voice)和被动语态(passive voice) 2）语态(voice

18、)和时态(tense)同为动词的两种最基本形式。时态表示动词发生时间，而语 态用以表示主语和谓语之间的关系。 3）主动语态表示主语是动作的发出者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。 4）构成：be+及物动词的过去分词。 5）以allow为例，具体形式见下表：一般时态进行时态完成时态现在amis allowedareamis being allowedarehas been allowedhave过去was allowedwerewas being allowedwerehad been allowed将来shall be allowedwillshall have been allowedwil

19、l英语语法专项过关之一：时态和语态1. The way the guests _ in the hotel influenced their evaluation of the serviceA. treated B. were treated C. would treat D. would be treated 2When he the door, he found his keys were nowhere.A. would open B. opened C. had opened D. was to open 3 -Why does the Lake smell terrible?-Be

20、cause large quantities of water .A. have polluted B. is being pollutedC. has been polluted D. have been polluted 4. According to the literary review, Shakespeare his charities live through their language in his plays.A. will make B. had made C. was making D. makes 5Would you please keep silent? The

21、weather report _I want to listen.A. is broadcast B. is being broadcastC. has been broadcast D. had been broadcast 6. The food here is nice enough. My friend _ me a right place.A. introduces B. introduced C. had introduced D. was introducing 7. At present, one of the apartments in favor of the new ai

22、rport _ that it will going a lot jobs to the area.A. is B. are C. will be D. were 8. - What is the price of petrol these days-Oh, it _ sharply since last month.A. is raised B. has risen C. has arisen D. is increased 9. -Do you want a lift home?-Its very kind of you, but I have a much late in the off

23、ice. I overslept this morning because my morning clock _.A. doesnt go off B. wont gone C. wasnt going off D. didnt go on 10. This is the first time that I a film in the cinema together as a family. A. see B. had seen C. saw D. have seen11. Mary went to the box office at lunch time, but all the ticke

24、ts _out. A. would sell B. had sold C. have sold D. was selling12 What do you think of the movie? Its fantastic. The only pity is that I _ the beginning of it.A missed B. had missed C. miss D. would miss13. Ivegottogonow. Mustyou? I_youcouldstayfordinnerwithus.A. think B. thought C. havethought D. am

25、thinking14. Progress so far very good and we are sure that the work will be finished on time. A. was B. had been C. has been D. will be 15.- Hi, Terry, can I use your computer for a while this afternoon? - Sorry. .A. It s repaired B. It has been repairedC. Its being repaired D. It had been repaired真

26、题：2019. By the end of this term, the girl the basic rules of dinner party conversation.A. will have learned B. will learn C. have learned D. are learning2009. Coffee has been a favorite drink for centuries, _the time when we were drinking it strong and black, without sugar. A. during B. for C. befor

27、e D. since2019. When we arrived at the airport, we were told our flight_ . A. cancelled B. had cancelled C. has been cancelled D. had been cancelled2019. It _ commonplace to think of sport as a “leisure industry” now.A. became B. will become C. is becoming D. had become2019. More thunderstorms _ in

28、summer than any other time of the year.A. happened B. have happened C. happen D. will happen2019. People do not always recall events as they _ actually. A. are happening B. will happen C. happened D. would happen3、主谓一致 谓语动词和主语在单、复数形式上保持一致。以单数名词或代词、动词不定式短语、动名词短语或从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式；主语为复数时，谓语动词用复数形式。st

29、aff, crew, people, police, cattle 复数The police are investigating the accident.1. The number of foreign students attending Chinese universities _ rising steadily since1990. A. is B. are C. has been D. have been2. Dr. Smith, together with his wife and daughters, visit Beijing this summer. A. is going

30、to B. are going to C. was going to D. were going to真题：2019. Making energy use completely harmless to the environment very difficult and usually economically expensive.A. are B. is C. have been D. shall be2019 . A virus, often too small to be seen except with a powerful microscope, _ diseases. A. cause B. is caused C. causes D. is causing英语语法专项过关之二：主谓一致1. Alice, together with two boys,_ for having broken the rule.A. was punished B. punished C. were punished D. being punished2. The League secretary and the monitor_ asked to attend the meeting thi