中考语法.docx

1、中考语法第一章 名词名词是表示人或事物名称的词，是英语中使用频率最高的词类之一。一、名词的分类名词分为专有名词和普通名词。凡是特指的名词，如：人名、地名、事物或概念等称为专有名词；非特指的名词称为普通名词。 专有名词一般表示独一无二的事物，第一个字母必须大写。如：Beijing, Sunday, Peter, the National Day, the United Nations, the West Lake, the Tang Dynasty, the Great Wall等。 名词的分类类 别定 义例 词个体名词表示某类人或某类事物的个体student eraser集体名词表示相关的人或

2、事物所构成的集合体class family物质名词表示无法分为个体的、不具备确定的 大小的东西water air 抽象名词表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念time health二、可数名词与不可数名词 可数名词一般是个体名词和集体名词，如：dog, mother, family, class等。不可数名词一般是物质名词和抽象名词，如：water, butter, love, cold等，不可数名词前面不能加a或an来表示量。 有的名词既可以作可数名词，又可以作不可数名词，但意义不同。如：可数名词不可数名词a glass 一个玻璃杯glass 玻璃a fish 一条鱼fish 鱼肉a pap

3、er 一份论文paper 纸a tea 一种茶tea 茶a drink 一种饮料drink 饮料a room 一个房间room 空间a wood 一片森林wood 木头 不可数名词要表示“一件”等数量概念时，要加a piece of之类的定语。如：a piece of paper 一张纸a piece of news 一则新闻a piece of furniture 一件家俱a bottle of milk 一瓶牛奶a slice of meat 一片肉a loaf of bread 一块面包a piece of work 一项工作a piece of luggage 一件行李a glass

4、of water 一杯水a cup of tea 一杯茶 不可数名词作句子的主语时，该句的谓语动词要用单数形式。如：There is no milk in the bottle. 基础巩固练习选择正确的答案。( ) 1. We havent much colored _. Lets go and ask for some. A. rulers B. paper C. erasers D. sharpeners( ) 2. There is a lot of _ in the river. A. water B. waters C. wateres D. a water( ) 3. Father

5、 went to his doctor for _. A. an advice B. advice C. advices D. the advices( ) 4. Id like to have _. A. two cups of tea B. two cup of tea C. two cups of teas D. two cup of teas( ) 5. I have a lot of _, so I can buy this. A. money B. moneys C. moneies D. dollar( ) 6. Mrs. Jenny gave us _ on how to le

6、arn English well. A. some advices B. many advices C. some advice D. an adivce( ) 7. There are _ on the table. Would you like to drink some? A. two bobble of milks B. two bottles of milk C. two bottle of milk D. two bottles of milks( ) 8. Linda, Ive bought many _. Now lets make the birthday cake. A.

7、fresh eggs B. chocolate milk C. frozen food D. ice cream( ) 9. Mr. Black often gives us _ by e-mail. A. some good information B. some good informations C. good informations D. a good information( ) 10. How much are the _? A. bread B. meats C. fish D. tomatoes( ) 11. Tim broke a _ while he was washin

8、g up. A. glass of wine B. glass for wine C. glass wine D. wine glass翻译下列短语。1. 一则新闻 _2. 一项工作 _3. 一碗饭 _4. 一杯水 _5. 三瓶墨水 _6. 五条建议 _7. 两双鞋 _8. 十张纸 _用所给名词的适当形式填空。1. Will you have a cup of _ (coffee)2. There are two _(bottle) of juice on the table.3. Would you like some _ (bread)?4. Do you drink much _ (mi

9、lk) every day?三、名词复数 规则变化变化规则例 词一般加-shat - hats, egg - eggs以s, x, z, ch, sh等结尾的词，加-eswatch watches, dish dishes以辅音字母+y结尾的词，变y为i加-escountry countries, baby babies 以o结尾的词，有的加-es, 有的加-stomato tomatoes, photo photos以oo或元音字母加o结尾的词，加-sbamboo bamboos, radio radios大多以f或fe结尾的词，变f或fe为v加-esleaf leaves, thief t

10、hieves, knife knives以an结尾的表示“民族”的词，直接加-sAmerican Americans, Italian Italians 不规则变化 1. 单复数同形。如：Chinese, deer, sheep, Japanese, fish等。 2. 特殊变化。如：man men, woman women, foot feet, child children, tooth teeth, mouse mice, goose geese等。 3. 在由两个名词构成的合成名词中，当前一个名词的复数为不规则变化时，在变复数时，前后两个名词都变成复数；当前一个名词的复数为规则变化时，

11、在变复数时，只把后一个名词变为复数。如：man teacher men teachers, woman doctor women doctors, boy student boy students, shop assistant shop assistants等。tips 1. 集体名词可以表示复数意义，但没有复数形式。集体名词作句子的主语时，该句谓语动词既可用单数，也可用复数。用单数时表示主语被看作一个整体，用复数时强调主语中的个体。如“ The audience was enjoying every minute of the show. 观众自始至终都在欣赏这次演出。(强调所有的观众)

12、The audience were enjoying every minute of the show. 观众自始至终都在欣赏这次演出。(强调每一个观众) The family is a very happy one. 这个家庭很幸福。 The family are all tall. 这家人个子都很高。 这类名词还有：government 政府，board 董事会， generation 一代人， company 公司， jury 陪审团， college 学院， club 俱乐部， army 军队， crew 全体船、机组人员、enemy 敌人， class 班级 2. 专有名词通常只有单

13、数形式， 但有些情况下也可以以复数形式出现。如： The Wilsons are coming to dinner. Wilson一家人要来吃晚饭。 There are eight Toms in our school. 我们学校有8个叫Tom的人。 3. 当一些用来指数量或数额的复数名词作句子的主语时，该句的谓语动词用单数形式。如： A thousand kilometers is not a long distance for the plane. 一千公里对飞机来说并不是很远的距离。 A million dollars is a big sum of money for the man

14、in the street. 对普通人来说，100万美元是一大笔钱。 4. “数词+名词+形容词”构成的复合形容词作定语时，中间的名词用单数形式。如： She is a five-year-old girl. 她是一个5岁的女孩。 5. 有些名词为自然复数名词，即只有复数形式(往往一些表示成双成对的、数量较多的词或以-ing结尾的词)。 如： trousers 裤子 glasses 眼镜 scissors 剪刀 doings 行为 savings 积蓄 contents 目录 goods 货物 clothes 衣服 6. 大多数不可数名词没有复数形式，有一些不可数名词变为复数形式后，其含义ad

15、ww生变化。如：单数形式词义复数形式词义fish鱼肉fishes不同种类的鱼fruit水果fruits不同种类的水果iron铁irons熨斗、镣铐steel钢steels各种钢材force力量forces军队paper纸papers报纸、文件、论文time时间times时代work工作works著作glass玻璃glasses眼镜cloth布clothes衣服manner方式manners礼貌基础巩固练习选择正确的答案。( ) 1. There are many _ in the basket. A. tomatoes B. tomatos C. tomato D. potatos( ) 2.

16、 There is a pair of _ hanging on the line. A. shoe B. meat C. glass D. trousers( ) 3. Three _ came to our school yesterday. A. German B. American C. Japanese D. Germany( ) 4. Look! Those three _ are talking with the three _. A. Englishmen; Germen B. Englishmans; GermansC. Englishmen; Germans D. Engl

17、ishmans; Germen( ) 5. _ hate _ by air. A. Greens; travelling B. The Green; travellingC. The Greens; travel D. The Greens; travelling( ) 6. She had two of her _ taken out last week. A. tooth B. teeth C. leg D. eye( ) 7. All the _ on the trees turn green when spring comes.A. leafs B. leaves C. leafes

18、D. leaf( ) 8. She has many beautiful _. A. photos B. photoes C. photo D. photoses( ) 9. They are _ in name, but they are no longer in practice. A. woman doctors B. women doctors C. women doctor D. woman doctor( ) 10. Wu Ting won the girls _ race in the school sports meeting.A. 100 metres B. 100-metr

19、es C. 100 metre D. 100-metre( ) 11. Three months _ a long time for me. A. is B. are C. have D. has( ) 12. - Whats in the _? - There are some _ and _ in them. A. photos; ptoatos; radios B. photos; potatoes; radiosC. photoes; potatos; radios D. photos; potatoes; radioes( ) 13. Look! The _ are watering

20、 flowers. A. man B. woman C. boy D. children( ) 14. - Can I help you, sir? - Yes, Id like five _ and some peas.A. potato B. tomatoes C. meat D. banana( ) 15. - Are there any _ on the farm? - Yes, there are some. A. horse B. duck C. chicken D. sheep( ) 16. The summer holidays are coming. Two _ studen

21、ts in our school will go to the beach. A. hundred B. hundreds C. hundred of D. hundreds of( ) 17. There are many _ in our school. A. woman teachers B. womans teachers C. women teachers D. women teacher( ) 18. Five years _ a long time for me. A. is B. are C. have D. has( ) 19. There are _ and _ on th

22、e table. A. two boxes cake; four bottle of oranges B. two boxes cake, four bottle of orangeC. two boxes of cake; four bottles of orangeD. two box of cakes; four bottles of oranges用所给名词的适当形式填空。 1. Two _ (family) live in this building. 2. Look at those _ (child)! 3. Can you see two _ (policeman) stand

23、ing in front of our car? 4. My mother and aunt are both _ (woman doctor). 5. The _ (cattle) on the hill belong to the farm. 6. Three _ (Japanese) are going to visit our school this afternoon. 7. I want to give you some pieces of _ (advice) on learning English. 8. There are some _ (shelf) in the read

24、ing room. 9. _ (leaf) turn yellow in autumn. 10. This term they had several _ (get-together). 11. Both of my _ (sister-in-law) are kind to me. I like them very much. 12. We have a lot of useful _ (information) to tell you. 13. There are a lot of nice _ (tomato) here. 四、名词所有格 格是名词或代词的形式及其变化，它表示名词或代词在

25、句子中与其他词之间的结构和语义关系。英语的格分为主格、宾格和所有格。主格在句子中作主语，宾格在句中作宾语，所有格表示所属关系。 of 所有格所有者为无生命的事物时，用“of+名词”的结构。如： the name of the book 书名 a picture of my family 一张我家人的照片 support of the people 人民的支持 “s” 所有格1. 所有者为有生命的事物时，用“s+名词”的结构。如： Mikes pen Mike的笔 the boys mother 男孩儿的母亲 (1) 以s结尾的单数名词加“”或“s” my boss / my bosss hat

26、 我老板的帽子 (2) 以s或es结尾的复数名词只加“” 。 如： a girls school 女子学校 (3) 词尾不带s的复数名词在词尾加“s” 。如： Childrens Day 儿童节 mens clothes 男装 (4) 复合名词在最后一个词的词尾加“s” 。如： his mother-in-laws letter 他岳母的信 the editor-in-chiefs office 总编办公室 (5) 表示某物为两者或两者以上共同所有时，把“s”加在后面的名词上；表示各自拥有某物时，每个名词都要用所有格形式。如： Tom and Jacks room Tom和Jack的房间 To

27、ms and Jacks room Tom和Jack 各自的房间 2. 所有者为无生命的事物时，也用“s+名词”的情况。主要用法包括： (1) 表时间。如：a weeks time 一周的时间(2) 表距离。如：ten miles distance 10英里的距离(3) 表国家或城市。如：Chinas future 中国的未来(4) 表集体或机构。 如：the committees decision 委员会的决定(5) 表自然现象。如：the earths gravity 地球的引力(6) 表拟人。如：a wolf in sheeps clothing 披着羊皮的狼(7) 某些固定说法。如：a

28、t deaths door 行将就木 in ones minds eye 在某人记忆力中 to ones hearts content 尽情地 双重所有格双重所有格含有全体中的一部分的意思，结构为“of+s” 。 用法如下： 1. of 前的名词前面通常有一个限定词，如：a(an), any, some, no, few, several, two, three等等。如： Have you read any works of Lenins? 你读过列宁的著作吗？ Two classmates of my brothers have come here. 我哥的两个同学已经到这儿了。 2. of 前的名词前面通常可以用指示代词this, that来表示某种感情色彩。如： That answer of Li Dongs was not right. 李东的回答不正确。 Something is wrong with this hand of mine. 我的这只手有毛病。 3. of 后带有“s”的名词通常表示具体的人的名词，或名词性物主代词。如： Thats a play of Guo Moruos. ( ) Thats a play of a writers. ( ) 4. 双重所有格与“of+名词”结构的区别如下： (1) 侧重点不同。如： He is a friend