学术英语医学课后问答题地答案解析.docx

1、学术英语医学课后问答题地答案解析Unit1 1、Some factors that may lead to the complaint:Neuron overloadPatients* high expectationsMistrust and misunderstanding between the patient and the doctor2、 Mrs. Osorios condition:A 56-year-old womanSomewhat overweightReasonably well-controlled diabetes and hypertensionCholestero

2、l on the high side without any medications for itNot enough exercises she should takeHer bones a little thin on her last DEXA scan 3、 Good things: Blood tests done Glucose a little better Her blood pressure a little better but not so great Bad things: Cholesterol not so great Her weight a little up

3、Her bones a little thin on her last DEXA scan 44、The situation:The author was in a moderate state of panic: juggling so many thoughts about Mrs. Osorios conditions and trying to resolve them all before the clock ran down.Mrs. Osorio made a trivial request, not so important as compared to her conditi

4、ons.Mrs. Osorio seemed to care only about her “innocent and completely justified request”： the form signed by her doctor.The doctor tried to or at least pretended to pay attention to the patient while completing documentation.5、Similarities:In computer multitasking, a microprocessor actually perform

5、s only one task at a time. Like microprocessors, we human beings carft actually concentrate on two thoughts at the same exact time. Multitasking is just an illusion both in computers and human beings. Differences:The concept of multitasking originated in computer science.At best, human beings can ju

6、ggle only a handful of thoughts in a multitasking manner, but computers can do much better.The more thoughts human beings juggle, the less human beings are able to attune fully to any given thought, but computers can do much better.6、7 medical issues to consider5 separate thoughts, at least, for eac

7、h issue7 x 5 = 35 thoughts10 patients that afternoon35 x 10 = 350 thoughts5 residents under the authors supervision4 patients seen by each resident10 thoughts, at least, generated from each patient5 x 4 x 10 = anther 200 thoughts350 + 200 = 550 thoughts to be handled in total If the doctor does a go

8、od job juggling 98% of the time, that still leaves about 10 thoughts that might get lost in the process.7、Possible solutions:Computer-generated remindersCase managersAncillary servicesThe simplest solution: timeUnit2 1、The author implies: Peoples inadequate consciousness about the consequence of neg

9、lecting the re- emerging infectious diseases Unjustifiability of peoples complacency about the prevention and control of the infectious diseasesUnfinished war against infectious diseases2、Victory declarations:Surgeon General William Stewarts hyperbolic statement of closing “the book on infectious di

10、sease”.A string of impressive victories incurred by antibiotics and vaccinesThe thought that the war against infectious diseases was almost over What followed ever since:Appearance of new diseases such as AIDS and EbolaComeback of the old afflictions: Diphtheria in the former Soviet Union TB in urba

11、n centers like New York City Rising Group A streptococcal conditions like scarlet feverThe fear of a powerful new flu strain sweeping the world3、Elaborate on the joined battle:WHO established a new division devoted to worldwide surveillance and control of emerging disease in October 1995.CDC launche

12、d a prevention strategy in 1994.Congress raised fund from $6.7 million in 1995 to $26 million in 1997.4、The borders are meaningless to pathogenic microbes, which can travel from one country to another remote country in a very short time.5、TB:Prisons and homeless shelters as ideal places for TB sprea

13、dEmerging of drug-resistant strain or even multi-drug-resistant strainA ride on the HIV won by attacking the immunocompromised Group A strep:A change in virulenceMutation in the exterior of the bacterium Flu:Constant changes in its coat (surface antigens) and resultant changes in its level of virule

14、nce6、Examples:Experiment in England is seeing the waning immunity because of no vaccination.Due to poor vaccination efforts, the diphtheria situation in the former Soviet Union is serious. The vaccination rates are dropping in some American cities, and it will lead to more diphtheria and whooping co

15、ugh.7、The four areas of focus:The need for surveillanceUpdated science capable of dealing with discoveries in the fieldAppropriate prevention and controlStrong public health infrastructure8、The infectious diseases such as TB, flu, diphtheria and scarlet fever will never really go away, and the war a

16、gainst them will never end.Unit31、Terrys life beforeShe loved practicing Tae Kwon DoShe loved the surge of adrenaline that came with the controlled combat of tournaments.She competed nationally, even won bronze medal in the trials for the Pan American Games.She attended medical school, practiced as

17、an internal medicine resident, and became an academic general internist.She got married and got a son and a daughter.2、The symptoms of MS and autoimmune disease: Loss of stamina and strength Problems with balance Bouts of horrific facial pain Dips in visual acuity 3、Terry did the following before sh

18、e self-experimented: She started injections. She adopted many pharmacotherapies. She began her own study of literature: She read articles on websites such as PubMed. She searched for articles testing new MS drugs in animal models. She turned to articles concerning neurodegeneration of all types deme

19、ntia， Parkinsons disease, Huntingtons disease, and Lou Gehrigs disease. She relearned basic sciences such as cellular physiology, biochemistry, and neurophysiology.4、Approaches Terry mainly used:Self-experimentation with various nutrients to slow neurodegeneration based on literature reports on anim

20、al modelsSelf-experimentation with neuromuscular electrical stimulation which is not an approved treatment for MSOnline search to identify the sources of micronutrients and having a new dietReduction of food allergies and toxic load5、Cases mentioned in the text:Increased mercury stores in the brains

21、 of people with dental fillingsHigh levels of the herbicide atrazine in private wells in IowaThe strong association between pesticide exposure and neurodegenerationThe association of single nucleotide polymorphisms involving metabolism of sulfur and/or B vitaminsInefficient clearing of toxins6、With

22、70% to 90% of the risk for diabetes, heart disease, cancer, and autoimmunity being due to environmental factors other than the genes, we can take many health problems and the health care crisis under our control, for example, optimizing our nutrition and reducing our toxic load.Unit41、Two concepts:

23、Complementary medicine refers to the use of conventional therapies together with alternative treatments such as using acupuncture in addition to usual care to help lessen pain. Complementary and alternative medicine is shortened as CAM.Alternative medicine refers to healing treatments that are not p

24、art of conventional therapies like acupuncture, massage therapy, or herbal medicine. They are called so because people used to consider practices like these outside the mainstream.2TCM does not require advanced, complicated, and in most cases, expensive facilities.TCM employs needles, cups, coins, t

25、o mention but a few.Most procedures and operations of TCM are noninvasive.The substances used as medicine are raw herbs or abstracts from them, and they are indeed all natural, from nature.TCM has been practiced as long as the Chinese history, so the efficiency is proven and ensured.Ongoing research

26、 around the world on acupuncture, herbs, massage and Tai Chi have shed light on some of the theories and practices of TCM3、It may be used as an adjunct treatment, an alternative, or part of a comprehensive management program for a number of conditions: post-operative and chemotherapy induced nausea

27、and vomiting, post-operative dental pain, addiction, stroke rehabilitation, headache, menstrual cramps, tennis elbow, fibromyalgia, myofascial pain, osteoarthritis, low back pain, carpal tunnel syndrome, and asthma.4、A well-justified NO:More intense research to uncover additional areas for the use o

28、f acupunctureHigher adoption of acupuncture as a common therapeutic modality not only in treatment but also in prevention of disease and promotion of wellnessExploration and perfection of innovative methods of acupuncture point stimulation with technological advancementImproved understanding of neur

29、oscience and other aspects of human physiology and function by basic research on acupunctureGreater interest by stakeholdersAn increasing number of physician acupuncturists5、Appropriate uses of herbs depend on proper guidance: Proper TCM diagnosis of the zheng of the patient Correct selection of the

30、 corresponding therapeutic strategies and principles that guide the choice of herbs and herbal formulasDigression from either of the above guidence will lead to misuses of herbs, and will result in complications in patient6、Randomized controlled trials Advantages: Elimination of the potential bias i

31、n the allocation of participants to the intervention group or control group Tendency to produce comparable groups Guaranteed validity of statistical tests of significance Limitations: Difficulty in generalizing the results obtained from the selected sampling to the population as a whole A poor choice for research where temporal factors are an issue Extremely heavy resources, requiring very large sample groups Quasi-experiments Advantages: Control group comparisons possible Reduced threats to external validity as natural e