上海高考概要写作summary writing310篇有解析.docx

1、上海高考概要写作summary writing310篇有解析Exercise 1概要写作。阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。A man may usually be known by the books he reads as well as by the company he keeps； for there is a companionship of books as well as of men； and one should always live in the best company, whether it be of books or of men.A good

2、 book may be among the best of friends. It is the same today that it always was, and it will never change. It is the most patient and cheerful of companions. It does not turn its back upon us in times of adversity or distress. It always receives us with the same kindness； amusing and instructing us

3、in youth, and comforting and consoling us in age.Men often discover their affinity(关系）to each other by the mutual love they have for a book just as two persons sometimes discover a friend by the admiration which both entertain for a third. There is an old proverb, “Love me, love my dog. ” But there

4、is more wisdom in this:“Love me ，love my book. ” The book is a truer and higher bond of union. Men can think, feel, and sympathize with each other through their favorite author. They live in him together, and he in them.Books possess an essence of immortality. They are by far the most lasting produc

5、ts of human effort. Temples and statues decay, but books survive. Time is of no account with great thoughts, which are as fresh today as when they first passed through their authors minds，ages ago. What was then said and thought still speaks to us as vividly as ever from the printed page. The only e

6、ffect of time has been to sift out(筛选）the bad products; for nothing in literature can long survive but what is really good.The great and good do not die, even in this world. Embalmed in books, their spirits walk abroad. The book is a living voice. It is an intellect to which one still listens.参考范文：

7、People should choose the best men and books to be their companion (要点 1). And a good book could not only be one of their best friends who is usually a man(要点 2)，but also be the bridge of friendships among people(要点 3) . Besides，books are considered to be immortal in essence, especially good books(要点

8、 4) . Therefore, good books are really important and helpful to all the people(要点 5) .分析过程：试题详解1，核心内容本文是一篇说明文，全文共分五段。第一段主要讲于书于人，我们都应以最好的为伴。第二段紧接 第一段内容，用三个特殊时期书扮演的角色来强调好书就像是你最好的朋友。第三段又从第二段人与 书的友谊递进到人与人之间的友谊，阐述了书是人们之间真诚而高尚的情谊纽带。第四段则从另外一 个方面强调了书独有的本质，即好书的不朽性。第五段是第四段的续写，更是全文的总结部分，它再次 强调了书的不朽性和重要性。2，写作思路

9、(1)抓住文章的中心。本文讲述了书籍的作用，观点比较鲜明。该文第一段的主题句是“one should always live in the best company，whether it be of books or of men”；第二段从第一段的其中一个方面进 行叙述，即书籍方面，并正式将文章框定在书籍这个话题，因此主题句为段落首句“A good book may be among the best of friends.”。第三段将人与人之间的友谊与书籍联系在一起，主题句为段落中间的一 句话“The book is a truer and higher bond of union. ”。

10、第四段的主题句十分明显，即段落首句“Books possess an essence of immortality. ”。第五段段落简短，没有明显的主题句，需要读者自己归纳总结，总 的来说，该段是在说明书的不朽性和重要性。(2)转换表达的方式。第一段中包含要点1,即于人于书，都要找最好的作为自己的伙伴。为了避 免与原文重复，我们可以将原文中的“live in the best company”改成“choose the best men and books to be their companion”。第二段中包含要点 2,原文中的“among the best of friends”可以改成

11、“one of the best friends”。要点3在第三段中，它强调了书籍是人们情谊的纽带，可以把“bond of union”改成 “bridge of friendship”,并且要点3与要点2紧密相连，呈递进关系，故可以用“whats more”进行连接。 第四段中包含要点4,即书籍的不朽性，该要点与前面的要点关系不明显，可以看作并列关系，选择关系 词besides比较恰当。此外，我们可以用词性转换的方式将immortality变为它的形容词immortal。第 五段中心句很难找，但是要点还是明确的，故我们可以归纳为“ the immortality and importance

12、 of a good book”,并且，该段为终结段落，故可以用上表总结的连词，如“therefore, thus, all in all”等。 提炼归纳：1， 利用同义复现本范文中我们将company表达为同义词companion,并用“the bridge of friendship”替换“the bond of union”。同时，可以利用转换词性的方法来避免重复，如将immortality变为它的形容词immortal。 如此一来，不仅可以避免重复原文内容，还可以使该概要简洁且全面。2，巧用语态转换概要写作中我们常常会找不到合适的词替换原有的词来表达相同的意思，这个时候可以通过句子 成

13、分分析来转换语态达到不重复使用原句的目的，如将主动语态的句子变为被动语态的句子，或将被 动语态的句子转变为主动语态。而在整个过程中，需要学生在平时就掌握好句子成分分析的技能。在 原文中“Books possess an essence of immortality”为一个主动句，也是该段的主题句，为了将其意思完整 地表达在概要中，并且不用原句，我们可以将这个主动句改为被动句“books are considered to be immortal in essence”。Exercise 2By todays standards, my mobile phone is pretty rubbis

14、h. Its a Nokia 1616，a small，not very heavy device with which you can send and receive calls and messages. It also has a handy torch on the top. Other than that, my phone doesnt do much. Its nothing compared to a smartphone. Why would I want one of those?I have often been told that the big advantage

15、of having a smartphone is that: “You can do everything with them!?, Okay, they may have endless functions, but generally they are used for checking social networking sites, playing games, and receiving and replying to emails. Fm happy just doing all of those things on my laptop.As far as I can tell,

16、 the best thing about having a smartphone is that you can be connected to the Internet all the time. I love the Internet，but I just dont see the point of constantly being online. I would think that if someone needed me urgently, they would just ring me rather than send an email. And my trusty Nokia

17、can manage that.One peculiar effect of the smartphone is，in my opinion, the addiction to maps and navigation(导 航）systems. Is there anything more boring than knowing exactly where you are all of the time? How do you get to know an area if you don5t get lost there a few times? It is true that we all o

18、ccasionally need to be pointed in the right direction, but I find that there are often real life humans you can ask.There are many benefits of having a very basic mobile phone, like the fact that it cost me about twenty pounds，and that I dont have to worry too much about it being stolen. But the mai

19、n benefit has to be the fact that it provides me with the worlds greatest excuse for my bad habits. Whether its turning up late to events，or forgetting about an appointment at work, Im pretty sure Im covered with the explanation:“Im really sorry. I dont have a smartphone. ”参考范文：I prefer to use my or

20、dinary cell phone rather than a smartphone.(要点1) Why? First, the frequently used functions of a smartphone can be performed by my computer.(要2) Second, daily communications dont require keeping online by smartphone.(要点 3) Third, asking for directions is what you should experience personally rather t

21、han referring to a smartphone.(要点 4) Most importantly, can you find a better excuse than having no smartphone when you make mistakes such as being late in life?(要点 5)分析过程1，核心内容本文是一篇议论文，主要讲述了作者现在仍在使用非智能手机，并解释原因。全文共五段。第一段 提出文章的主题:我为什么使用非智能手机？间接提出论点：我觉得没有必要使用智能手机。第二段反 驳智能手机功能多的优势，证明智能手机功能多但实际利用率低，表明没有必

22、要使用智能手机。第三段 反驳智能手机能时刻上网的优势，证明时刻上网对于生活联络来说没有实际意义，从而说明没有必要 使用智能手机。第四段反驳智能手机有地图和导航功能的优势，证明用手机导航会使人们丢失很多乐 趣。而且迷路时完全可以用向人们问路来解决，从而说明没有必要使用智能手机。第五段正面阐述使 用非智能手机的好处，特别是能把没有智能手机作为生活中的一个最好的借口。2，写作思路（1）理清文章脉络，概括段落大意。理清文章脉络、概括段落大意是写摘要的基础，可以通过找主题 句、分析段落的逻辑关系来梳理文章的脉络，概括大意。该文第一段的主题句是：“Why would I want one of those

23、 (basic mobile phone rather than smartphone)?”这个问题实际上是一种观点的表达，即“I dont think it necessary to use a smartphone. ”。第二段到第四段的写作思路相似，都是先指出智能手 机的某一点优势，然后通过分析推理来反驳这个优势，从而说明没有必要使用智能手机。第五段正面提 出非智能手机的优点，特别是最主要的一点：没有智能手机成为了改掉作者生活中坏习惯的最好的 借口。（2）确定表达要点，灵活准确表达。首先根据文章的体裁、结构和大意确定文章的要点，然后根据文 章的要点思考合适的表达。确定要点需要理清段与段之

24、间、段落的句子与句子之间的逻辑关系，然后进 行筛选与整合。这篇文章中第一段总共六句话,第一句到第五句是对作者所使用的非智能手机的介绍。 第六句是文章的主题句。因此将两部分的内容进行整合，要点1就是“Why do I want to use a basic mobile phone rather than a smartphone?”。第二段到第五段是从四个方面说明理由，其中第二段到第 四段是从反驳智能手机的优势这个角度写，第五段从非智能手机的好处这个角度写。根据这样的思路 逐段概括要点。要点的表达上要求避免使用与原文相同的表达，可以使用多种语义转换的方法。归纳总结1， 信息归纳概要写作的关键能

25、力之一就是对文章信息的概括能力。写作时要先找出关键的信息点，然后整理 信息点之间的逻辑关系，再思考语言表达。例如这篇文章的要点2,原文中第一句的关键信息是 everything，第二句是“endless functions，but generally are used for.”，第三句是 laptop。everything 即 “endless functions”，but后面表达的意思是只有少数几个功能是常用的，而这几个常用的功能在电脑 上就可以操作。理清这些信息的关系之后，我们可以初步先这样表达：A smart phone has endless functions but only a

26、 few of them are used frequently, and actually they can be performed by my computer.进一步改进：The frequently used functions of a smartphone can be performed by my computer.2，语言表达概要的语言表达要精练，但是也要注意符合文章的体裁特征以及原文的语言特征。这篇文章的语 言表达有非常明显的特征，语言风趣诙谐，偏口语化，有一种和读者交谈的感觉。所以在写概要的时候 也要注意尽量延续这样的语言风格。在范文中，“Why?”以及最后一句“can

27、 you find a better excuse than having no smartphone when you make mistakes such as being late in life?”，第二人称反问句的使 用延续了原文的语言风格。Exercise 3The production of coffee beans is a huge, profitable business, but, unfortunately, full-sun production is taking over the industry and bringing about a lot of damag

28、e. The change in how coffee is grown from shade-grown production to full-sun production endangers the very existence of certain animals and birds，and even disturbs the worlds ecological balance.On a local level ，the damage of the forest required by full-sun fields affects the areas birds and animals

29、. The shade of the forest trees provides a home for birds and other species that depend on the trees flowers and fruits. Full-sun coffee growers destroy this forest home. As a result, many species are quickly dying out.On a more global level, the destruction of the rainforest for full-sun coffee fie

30、lds also threatens human life. Medical research often makes use of the forests5 plant and animal life, and the destruction of such species could prevent researchers from finding cures for certain diseases. In addition, new coffee-growing techniques are poisoning the water locally，and eventually the

31、worlds groundwater.Both locally and globally，the continued spread of full-sun coffee plantations could mean the destruction of the rainforest ecology. The loss of shade trees is already causing a slight change in the worlds climate, and studies show that loss of oxygen-giving trees also leads to air

32、 pollution and global warming. Moreover，the new growing techniques are contributing to acidic(酸性的）soil conditions.It is obvious that the way much coffee is grown affects many aspects of life, from the local environment to the global ecology. But consumers do have a choice. They can purchase shade-grown coffee whenever possible, although at a higher cost. The future health of the planet and mankind is surely worth more than an inexpensive cup of coffee.参考范文：Full-sun production of coffee, though profitable, has caused plenty of bad influence both locally and glo