海明威对待命运的矛盾态度在其作品中的体现.docx

1、海明威对待命运的矛盾态度在其作品中的体现HEMINGWAYS CONTRADICTORY ATTITUDES TOWARDS FATE MIRRORED IN HIS WORKSbyWu ZhihaoApril, 2007Xiaogan UniversityAbstractThe thesis shows Hemingways contradictory attitudes towards fate on the basis of an analysis of the main characters in his three well-known novels. In The Sun Also

2、 Rises, the protagonist Jake is unfortunate. His wound symbolizes the cruel fate as well as Hemingways pessimistic attitude towards life. But Jake has changed from a depressive to a person who has found the hope for life. His change reflects Hemingways optimistic attitude: remaining a gleam of hope

3、in despair. In A Farewell to Arms, the death of Catherine, meaning the loss of love too cruel a fate for the protagonist Henry to stand, reflects Hemingways pessimistic view of life and his disappointment at reality. But Henry has changed from a man treating life as a game to a tough guy of duty who

4、 can face his heartbreak alone, which shows Hemingways positive view of life. In The Old Man and the Sea, Hemingway reveals his positive attitude towards fate through the protagonist Santiagos unusual courage and optimism and reveals his pessimistic view of life through Santiagos failure and lonelin

5、ess. But Hemingway also leaves a gleam of hopeManolin. The boy will be the next champion not to be defeated.Hemingways contradictory attitudes towards fate are fully demonstrated in the protagonists fates in his works. The attitudes stemmed from his family background, his complicated life experience

6、s and the social reality in America at that time.So we cannot simply see Hemingways attitudes towards life and fate as either optimistic or pessimistic. His attitudes are paradoxical. On the one hand, he admires unyielding efforts and believes in the strength of human beings; on the other hand, he r

7、eveals pessimistic attitude towards life that no matter how hard one tries, his efforts are all for naught.Key words: Hemingway; Contradictory attitudes; Towards; Fate海明威对待命运的矛盾态度在其作品中的体现摘要 通过对海明威著名的三部小说中主要人物进行分析可以看出海明威对待命运的矛盾态度。太阳照样升起中的主人公杰克是不幸的，他的伤象征着残酷的命运以及海明威对待生活的悲观态度。但是杰克改变了，从一个忧郁悲伤的人转变成为一个找到了生

8、活的希望的人。杰克的转变反映出海明威在绝望中保留一丝希望的乐观态度。在永别了,武器中，凯瑟琳之死意味着爱情的失去，是主人公亨利难以承受的残酷命运。它反映出海明威悲观的人生态度以及对现实的失望之情。但是亨利从一个游戏人生的人转变为一个有责任感并独自承受巨大悲伤的硬汉。亨利的转变显示出海明威积极的人生态度。老人与海中主人公圣地亚哥非凡的勇气和乐观精神显示出海明威积极的人生态度，而圣地亚哥的失败和孤独则显示出海明威悲观的人生态度。但海明威还是留下了一线希望马洛林。这个男孩将成为下一个不会被打败的胜利者。 海明威对待生活和命运的矛盾态度通过其作品中主人公的命运得到充分展现。他的这一态度源于他的家庭背景

9、, 他复杂的人生经历和当时美国的社会现实。所以，不能简单地认为海明威对待命运的态度是乐观的或者是悲观的。他的态度是矛盾的。一方面，海明威赞扬不屈不挠的努力，相信人类的奋斗精神；另一方面，他显露出悲观的人生态度，即无论怎样努力，一切都是徒劳。关键词: 海明威； 对待； 命运；矛盾态度；Contents1. Introduction.11.1 About Hemingways three novels.11.2 The protagonists fates in the three novels.12. An analysis of Hemingways attitudes towards fat

10、e .22.1 Attitudes towards fate in The Sun Also Rises.22.2 Attitudes towards fate in A farewell to Arms.42.3 Attitudes towards fate in The Old Man and the Sea62.4 The causes of Hemingways contradictory attitudes83. Conclusion.10Notes10Bibliography11Hemingways Contradictory Attitudes Towards Fate Mirr

11、ored in His Works1. Introduction1.1 About Hemingways three novelsEarnest Hemingway, an American novelist and short story writer, was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature in 1954. He is one of the great American writers of the 20th century. Lots of his works involve his own complicated life experie

12、nces, including his participation of the two world wars and his enthusiasm for fishing, hunting, bullfighting, etc. They are his autobiography to a large degree. Hemingway reveals his own innermost feelings, including his contradictory attitudes towards life and fate through the characters fates in

13、his works.With the publication of his first true novel The Sun Also Rises in 1926, Hemingway was recognized as the spokesman of the Lost Generation and became an international celebrity. The novel, sold more than one million copies during his lifetime, is about some expatriates living in postwar Par

14、is, who try to seek psychic solace by eating, drinking, traveling, and lovemaking. In 1929 Hemingway published A Farewell to Arms, another novel with World Waras its background. It tells of a tragic wartime love affair between an ambulance driver and an English nurse. Both the two books reflect an e

15、ntire generation, including Hemingway himself, ruined by the war physically and mentally. His last masterpiece, The Old Man and the Sea printed in 1952, earned him the Pulitzer Prize in fiction for 1952, and was instrumental in winning him the Nobel Prize two years later. It is a story of an old Cub

16、an fisherman, down on his luck, and his supreme ordealan agonizing battle with a giant marlin on the sea. The three novels, together with For Whom the Bell Tolls, are his main masterpieces, representing his great achievements in literature.Most protagonists in Hemingways works have distinctive chara

17、cteristics, such as bravery, strong will and remaining graceful under pressure. They are well-known as Hemingway Hero. Hemingways works usually share an exciting topic that how a tough guy braves and experiences hardships calmly and gracefully. But those protagonists also reveal a pessimistic view o

18、f life from time to time. From those vivid images determination as well as pessimism, Hemingway unfolds peoples great physical and mental suffering in a certain times and reveals his contradictory attitudes towards life and fate.1.2 The protagonists fates in the three novelsThe protagonist Jake in T

19、he Sun Also Rises is a symbol of despair, loneliness, and melancholy. He is a typical image representing an entire generation who have torn by World Warand are grieving for the loss of their romantic idealism. Jake is injured during the summer of 1925 in Italy, which leads to his sexual dysfunction.

20、 Later, he falls in love with Brett who loves him, too. But both of them are aware of the impossibility of their having a life together. Jake suffers more than any other person in this book physically as well as mentally, but finally he manages to seek solace from fishing, swimming, tennis, and, esp

21、ecially, bullfighting. He finds the ring of bullfighting is a new world on which he can concentrate his thoughts and feelings. The bullfighters, together with the rising sun bringing warmth and brightness to the world, symbolize his hope for life.The protagonist Henry in A Farewell to Arms also repr

22、esents the entire generation ruined by World War. He has been changed greatly by his violent wounding, from a man treating life and love as a game to a tough guy of duty who can face his heartbreak alone and continue his life bravely. He escapes from the battlefield during the retreat and manages to

23、 arrive in Switzerland with Catherine. He begins to understand the value of love and enjoy the true love. But before long he loses all of that when Catherine dies of a difficult labor.The protagonist Santiago in The Old Man and the Sea is a classic image of tough guy in Hemingways works. Santiago, a

24、n old lonely Cuban fisherman with unusual courage and optimism, hooks and finally kills a giant marlin through days of painstaking efforts far out in the Gulf Stream. But his capture is almost eaten up by the sharks during the long voyage home.2. An analysis of Hemingways attitudes towards fate2.1 A

25、ttitudes towards fate in The Sun Also Rises The Sun Also Rises is the first published long piece of fiction written by Hemingway. The whole story is dominated by a tragic and depressing atmosphere. The protagonist Jake represents an entire generation ruined by World War. He loses more than he deserv

26、es in the war, and even worse, he is disillusioned with traditional American values of hard work. He meets Brett who is a nurses aid when he is injured and sent to a hospital in Milan. They fall in love. But when Jake learns that he is impotent, they decide to go their separate ways. They love one a

27、nother, but they feel there is nothing they can do about the cruel reality. It is painful and destructive for them to be together. When they meet in England again, they discover that they are still in love. However, their love ends in misery.Jakes wound is not life-threatening, but it is too cruel f

28、or anyone to bear. It deprives Jake of the right of being a normal man. Except grieving for his misfortune and his lost love alone, he can do nothing about his wound, which actually symbolizes the unchangeable and terrible fate. He loses much more during the celebration in Spain, for his love and re

29、spect for Brett have been tarnished. What sustained him is gone. Undoubtedly, he is one of the most lonely and tragic characters in Hemingways works.By describing Jakes suffering and despair, Hemingway reveals his own pains and sorrows when his idealism has been ruined by World War. After the war, p

30、eoples interest on Hemingways bravery on the battlefield gradually cooled, and Hemingway, suffering from the wound and the terrible recollection of the war, led a humble life. He even could not have enough money for food. His passion and idealism before he participated the war had turned into deep d

31、isappointment, or even, hatred towards the reality and society. He felt that he had been cheated and everything was a lie and life, dominated by fate, was painful and aimless. People could not change their unfortunate fates no matter how hard they tried. The only thing they could do was suffering th

32、e endless misery silently like Jake.But it is an oversimplification to regard Hemingway as a pessimist just according to the description of Jakes misfortune. Jake finally manages to learn how to make a life for himself, seeking solace from his work, sports, swimming, bicycle racing, observing box, fishing, and especially, bullfigh