初二上现在完成时与一般过去时完整.docx

1、初二上现在完成时与一般过去时完整 初二上现在完成时与一般过去时构成：助动词have (has) + 动词的过去分词注：has 用于第三人称单数，have 用于其他所有人称。规则动词的过去分词变化与过去式相同，不规则变化则须单独记忆。用法： 1.表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。(汉语中常用“已经”、“过”、“了”等表达)通常与表示包括现在在内的时间副词just（刚刚），already（已经），never（从来没有），ever（曾经），before（以前），yet（仍然），once（一次），twice（两次），many times（很多次），how many times（多

2、少次），so far（迄今为止），during the past（last）three years（最近三年来）等连用。 副词的位置：just常用于肯定句中，放在have / has后， He has just come .never表示否定, 放在have / has后, He has never visited the Great Wall.ever用于疑问句中,句型为: Have / Has主语ever 过去分词？“曾经过吗？”用于询问某人过去的经历。 Have you ever been to the farm？before用于句末， The woman has never heard

3、 of that before.yet 用于句末或not 之后. Has the train arrived yet? No, not yet.already用于肯定句, have / has 之后或句末. We have already finished it.so far用于句首或句末. So far, we have visited the moon.例如： I have never heard of that before. Have you ever ridden a horse? She has already finished the work. Have you milked

4、the cow yet? Yes, I have done that already. Ive just lost my math book. 2. 现在完成时表示过去已经开始，持续到现在,也许还会持续下去的动作或状态。可以和表示延续的时间状语连用。如for、since 等引导的时间状语。（注意：句中谓语动词要用延续性动词）一段时间的表达方法有两种: for表示一段时间的词语 I have taught English for 19 years. since表示过去时间点的词语 He has been at this school since 1986. since表示过去的时间状语从句 I

5、have lived here since I was born. since一段时间ago. I have known him since 20 years ago.注意:for 和since 所引导的时间状语都表示一段时间.He has been away since last week.He has been away for one week. 对划线部分提问都用How long下四大标志词可以表达这种含义: * 以already, just和yet为标志 already, just和yet 表示到现在为止动作或状态已经、刚刚或还没有发生。He has already got her

6、help.他已得到她的帮助。He has just seen the film.他刚刚看过这场电影。He hasnt come back yet.他还没有回来。* 以ever和never为标志ever和never 表示到现在为止动作或状态曾经或从来没有发生过。This is the best film I have ever seen.这是我曾经看过的最好的一部电影。He has never been to Beijing.他从没有到过北京。* 以动作发生的次数为标志若某一动作到现在为止已经发生了若干次,则要使用现在完成时。He says he has been to the USA thre

7、e times. 他说他已经去过美国三次了。* 以so far为标志so far往往表示到目前为止动作或状态已经发生。He has got to Beijing so far.到目前为止他已到了北京。She has passed the exam so far.到目前为止她已经通过了考试。五、使用时注意事项1.“have/ has got ” 形式上是一种完成时，但和have/ has 为同一意思“有”。例如：Have you got pen-friends? Yes, I have. 你有笔友吗？是的，我有。 Has he got a lot of work to do? No, he ha

8、snt. 他有许多工作要做吗？不，他没有。2. have/has gone to 、have/has been to 和have/has been in的区别。have/ has gone to 去了，在去某地的路上或在某地，人还未回来have/ has been to 曾经去过，人已经回来了have/ has been in 已经在，常与一段时间连用He has been to Shenyang before. 他以前曾去过沈阳。He has been in Shenyang for ten years. 他在沈阳10年了。Has he gone to Shenyang? 他去沈阳了吗？3.

9、 have/ has been to常和once, twice, never, ever连用；have/ has gone to则不可。例如: Has Tom ever been to Paris? 汤姆去过巴黎吗？ Yes, hes been there several times. 是的，他去过好几次了。 Where have they gone? 他们去哪里了？ Theyve gone to Shenyang. 他们去沈阳了。扩展与总结：since的四种用法 1) since +过去一个时间点(如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980, last month, half past six)。

10、 I have been here since 1989.2) since +一段时间+ ago I have been here since five months ago.3) since +从句 Great changes have taken place since you left. Considerable time has elapsed since we have been here. 4) It is +一段时间+ since从句 It is two years since I became a postgraduate student.练习：用since或for填空：1.

11、I have been at this school _ more than two years.2. She has worked in the factory _ ten years ago.3. Mr. Green has lived in the city _ he was born.4. His father has been a party member _ twenty years. have been (to)和have gone (to)的区别： have / has been (to) 表示“曾经到过某地”，说话时此人不在那里，已经回来。侧重指经历。have / has g

12、one (to) 表示某人“已经去某地了”，说话时此人可能在路上或已到那里，反正不在这里。 试比较： He has been to Beijing. 他曾去过北京。（人已回来，可能在说话人的地方）He has gone to Beijing. 他已经去北京了。（人去了，不在说话人的地方）。练习：用have gone to, have been to和have been in的适当形式填空：1. Where _ you _, Lily?2. My father isnt here. He _ Beijing.3. Lucy _ China for three years.4. Where are

13、 the boys? They _ the teachers office.5. She _ never _ Hawaii before.6. Tom _ the USA since 2000. 现在完成时态中可以和表示一段时间状语（for，since，how long, all ones life）连用的动词必须是表示延续的情况或动作的动词，即延续性动词。如：be，have，know，live，work，study，learn，teach，keep，speak，talk，draw，wait，wear，walk，sleep，drive，write，do，clean等。例如 I have bee

14、n a teacher for nearly 20 years. How long has he lived here? 延续性动词的现在完成时可和包括“现在”在内的（到说话时仍未结束）表示一段时间的状语连用。如this morning，today，this week，these daysHe has been to Beijing three times this year. He has written two letters this morning.（说话时间在上午）He wrote two letters this morning.（说话时间在下午或晚上） 英语中还有一些动词的意义决

15、定它们所表示的动作不能延续,只是一瞬间就结束的动作,这类动词叫做“非延续性动词”，常见的有：come，go，arrive，reach，see，hear，close，open，leave，begin，start，lose，buy，fall，join，die，get up，become，borrow，lend，find，finish，receive等。这些动词可用于现在完成时，说明某个动作的结果还存在，但不能和表示一段时间的状语（how long，for，since）连用。He has come back.（）He has come back for two hours.（） 但在否定句中，非延续

16、性动词也可用表示一段时间的状语来修饰，如： I havent heard from my father for a long time. We havent seen him since 1999. 当终止性动词（非延续性动词）与表示一段时间的状语（how long，since，for， all ones life）相矛盾时,改正错句的方法有如下几种:（1）用副词ago把现在完成时的句子改为一般过去时.He has come back for two weeks.（错）改为:He came back two weeks ago.（正）I have lost my bike for ten da

17、ys. （错）改为:I lost my bike ten days ago. （正）（2）用“It is / has been时间since一般过去时态”句型来改写。He has joined the League for 3 years. （错）It is 3 years since he joined the League. （正）I have bought the book for 5 days. （错）It is 5 days since I bought the book. （正）He has died for 20 years. （错）It is 20 years since he

18、 died. （正）（3）用“时间has passedsince一般过去时态”句型来改写。He has left home for 20 years. 改为:Twenty years has passed since he left home.He has lost his pen for 2 days. 改为:Two days has passed since he lost his pen.（4）用系表结构来改写.He has died for 20 years. 改为: He has been dead for 20 years.The factory has opened since

19、1999. 改为:The factory has been open since 1999.How long has he left? 改为:How long has he been away?（5）用相应的延续性动词替代非延续性动词。He has bought the book for two weeks. 改为:He has had the book for two weeks.常见的相应转换形式如下:borrow / lendkeep, buyhave, finish / endbe over, arrive /come / go / move / reach /get tobe in

20、/at / be here /be there, begin / startbe on , openbe open , closebe closed, diebe dead , leavebe away（from）,go to schoolbe in school / be a student, get upbe up, fall asleepbe asleep , fall illbe ill, get to knowknow, losebe lost, becomebe, return / come back / get backbe back, joinbe in / be amembe

21、r, join the armybe in the army /be a soldier, receive / get a letterhave a letter , catch / get a coldhave a cold, begin to studystudy, 如：他参军已有三年. He has joined the army for three years.（错）改为: He has been in the army for three years / since three years ago.He has been a soldier for three years / sin

22、ce three years ago.He joined the army three years ago.It is three years since he joined the army.Three years has passed since he joined the army. 延续动词与瞬间动词 1) 用于完成时的区别延续动词表示经验、经历； 瞬间动词表示行为的结 果，不能与表示段的时间状语连用。 He has completed the work.他已完成了那项工作。 (表结果) Ive known him since then. 我从那时起就认识他了。(表经历)2)用于til

23、l / until从句的差异 延续动词用于肯定句，表示做直到 瞬间动词用于否定句，表示到，才 He didnt come back until ten oclock. 他到10 点才回来。He slept until ten oclock.他一直睡到10点。现在完成时与瞬间动作：瞬间动词可以用于现在完成时，但不能和表示一段时间的状语连用。如可说“He has left.”但不能说“He has left for three years.” 如果要表达“他已走了三年了”可用以下几种表达法：（一）、用ago,使用一般过去时。 He left here three years ago.（二）、用“I

24、t is +一段时间+ since +一般过去时从句 ” It is three years since he left here.（三）、用“ 一段时间have/ has passed + since + 一般过去时从句”Three years have passed since he left here.以上三种表示方法适用于所有瞬间动词。另外，还可用其它表示方法，但只适用于部分瞬间动词。具体办法是将瞬间动词转化为表延续的动词或者表状态的be+名词形容词或副词介词短语等。1.直接转化成延续性动词buy have catch (get) a cold have a cold borrow k

25、eep become be2.转换成be+名词join the army be a soldier join the Party be a Party member / be a member of the Partygo to school be a student3转换成be+形容词或副词die be dead finish be over begin be on leave be away fall sleep be asleep close be closed open be open come be here go be there marry be married4.转换成 be+

26、介词短语go to school be in school join the army be in the army如何通过与一般过去时做比较,进一步掌握现在完成时?一般过去时和现在完成时的动作都发生在过去,但意义却不同.（1）一般过去时只表示过去的动作或状态,和现在不发生关系。现在完成时表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响,强调的是现在。如:I learned ten English songs（说明过去学过,现在是否记得,不是本句的内容）I have learnt ten English songs.（learn发生在过去,但强调我现在懂英语歌曲）I cleaned the blackb

27、oard half an hour ago.（只说明“擦”和其发生的时间）I have cleaned the blackboard.（说明现在黑板是干净的）The teacher has written some new words on the blackboard（黑板上现在有单词）The teacher wrote some new words on the blackboard（黑板上现在没有单词）（2）一般过去时可以和表示过去的时间状语连用,如:yesterday, last year, three days ago, just now, 等。现在完成时不能和表示过去的时间状语连用

28、,其时间状语可以是since,for , just, ever, never, before, already, yet , so far, all ones life等 规则动词的过去分词和它的过去式相同,即在原形后加ed（d）。已学近80个不规则动词的过去分词约有半数也和它的过去式相同,分类如下,利于记忆:1) 原形中的元音字母有变化:get-got-got, sit sat-sat win-won-won spit- spat- spat shine shone- shonefind- found- found hold-held-held meet- met-met stand- st

29、ood-stood understand-understood-understood feed- fed-fed hang-hung-hung2) 原形中的辅音字母有变化:make-made-made spill-spilt-spilt have/ has-had-had build-built-builtsend-sent-sent lend- lent- lent spend-spent-spent 3) 在原形后加t或d:spoil-spoilt-spoilt learn-learnt-learnt mean-meant-meant hear-heard-heardpay-paid-pa

30、id say-said-said lose-lost-lost lay-laid-laid 4) 原形中的元音字母和辅音字母都有变化:feel-felt-felt smell-smelt-smelt spell-spelt spelt keep-kept-kept sleep-slept-slept sweep-swept-swept leave-left-left sell-sold-sold tell-told-told catch-caught-caught teach-taught-taught buy-bought-bought bring-brought-brought think-thought-thought wear-wore-worn5) 与原形相同:hit-hit-hit hurt-hurt-hurt let-let-let put-put-put read-read-readset-set-set shut-shut shut cost-cost-cost cut-cut-cut还有些不规则动词的过去分词与过去式不相同,为便于