高考二轮复习专题八 非谓语动词和独立主格结构.docx

1、高考二轮复习专题八 非谓语动词和独立主格结构2010高考二轮复习专题八 非谓语动词和独立主格结构【考纲展现】非谓语动词包括不定式、动词-ing形式和过去分词三种形式。动词的非谓语形式是中学英语语法的重点和难点,也是每年高考热点中的热点, 考纲要求掌握：非谓语动词的时态和语态；他们在英语句子中的作用；非谓语动词的基本用法和含义，非谓语动词在句子中可以充当多种句子成分，比如主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语、表语等；掌握非谓语动词充当相同句子成分时的辨析；掌握非谓语动词在不同的语境、语义下的运用。对于独立主格结构考纲要求掌握独立主格结构的构成方式；在句子中的作用以及with复合结构。【真题评析】（

2、以高考题为例）1._ not to miss the flight at 15:20, the manager set out for the airport in a hurry. （09福建）A. Reminding B. Reminded C. To remind D. Having reminded【答案】B 考查非谓语动词。非谓语动词做状语，逻辑主语是句子的主语the manager，非谓语动词与句子主语是被动关系，且其表示的动作在谓语动词set out之前已经发生，非谓语动词用过去分词，选B。2.In April, 2009, President Hu inspected the

3、warships in Qingdao,_the 60th anniversary of the founding of the PLA Navy. （09福建）A. marking B. marked C. having marked D. being marked【答案】A 考查非谓语动词。非谓语动词做状语，其后有宾语，故与逻辑主语是主动关系，且表示的动作与谓语动词的动作同时进行，用现在分词，选A。3.When he_ the door, he found his keys were nowhere. （09湖南）A. would open B. opened C. had opened

4、D. was to open【答案】D 考查非谓语动词。动词不定时的用法。句意为：当他要打开门的时候,他发现他的钥匙不见了。动词不定时表示将要发生的动作。4.There is nothing more I can try _you to stay, so I wish you good luck. 2007 上海卷 A. being persuaded B. persuading C. to be persuaded D. to persuade【答案】D 关键把握句型I try sth. to persuade you to stay。本句话补全为：There is nothing more

5、 that I can try to persuade you to stay, so I wish you good luck. to persuade作为目的状语。5. The Town Hall _in the 1800s was the most distinguished building at that time. 2007 上海卷A. to be completed B. having been completed C. completed D. being completed【答案】C 1800s是表示过去的时间，和逻辑主语存在被动关系，且作定语所以用done，注意done只要

6、是被动可以表示一般现在，或者过去状态，将来则用to be done，现在正在则用being done。6. The children went home from the grammar school, their lessons _for the day. 2007重庆卷 A. finishing B. finished C. had finished D. were finished【答案】B 首先这是个独立主格，后半个分句主语为lesson和finish存在被动关系，所以用done。7. Peter received a letter just now _his grandma woul

7、d come to see him soon. 2007 四川卷A. said B. says C. saying D. to say【答案】C 这个句子中doing作定语，可以从定语从句角度理解：Peter received a letter just now which said his grandma would come to see him soon.注意只要是主动关系动作无先后就可以用doing。8. The flowers his friend gave him will die unless _every day. 2007 四川卷A. watered B. watering

8、C. water D. to water【答案】A 该题目是个省略句型，可以补全The flowers his friend gave him will die unless it is watered every day. 句中省略主谓 但保留了和逻辑主语的被动关系，所以还是用done。比较After being watered everyday，the flowers took on a new look. 此时after单独使用，不带主谓时为介词词性，所以要用动名词构成被动则为being done。而此题的unless是个连词。9. _n the safety of gas, the g

9、overnment has checked the citys gas supply system thoroughly. 2007 上海春A. To ensure B. Ensuring C. Having ensured. D. To have ensured【答案】A To do置于句首常作目的状语。10. She wants her paintings _ in the gallery, but we don t think they would be very popular. 2007 上海春A. display B. to display C. displaying D. dis

10、played【答案】D 这个句子可以在牛津字典上找到固定用法：want sth done11. The children talked so loudly at dinner table that I had to struggle _. 2007 浙江卷A. to be heard B. to have heard C. hearing D. being heard 【答案】A 这里从句子的意思上可以知道我在小孩子很吵的时候努力使自己被听到，再结合struggle to do 可知道该动词后面只能加不定时的被动构成被动所以选A。12. _by a greater demand of vege

11、tables, farmers have built more green houses. 2007 浙江卷A. Driven B. Being driven C. To drive D. Having driven 【答案】A 明确drive sb to do sth 此处农民被驱使，构成被动用done作原因状语13. John received an invitation to dinner, and with his work _, he gladly accepted it. 2007安徽卷A. finished B. finishing C. having finished D. w

12、as finished【答案】A and连接的后半的句子是个单独成分，可以不看前半句，with复合宾语结构作句中状语，有with+sth+done表示宾语和补语存在被动关系。14. -Robert is indeed a wise man. -Oh, yes. How often I have regretted _his advice! 2007 安徽卷A. to take B. taking C. not to take D. not taking【答案】D regret (not)doing/having done sth表示“后悔（没）做了某事” ；regret to do sth表示

13、“遗憾去做某事”。结合句意，“我时常后悔没有听他的话。”故选D项。15. The crowd cheered wildly at the sight of Liu Xiang, who was reported _the world record in the 110-meter hurdle race. 2007 辽宁卷A. breaking B. having broken C. to have broken D. break【答案】C 不定式的to have done表示动作已经发生16. You cant imagine what difficulty we had _home in

14、the snowstorm. 2007 辽宁卷A. walked B. walk C. to walk D. walking【答案】D注意句型：have difficulty （in）doing sth 由于句子中in可以省略，所以该题目虽然将宾语前置，后面用了一个定语从句，但是结构不变，在某方面依然是in doing sth只是in被省略。补全：You cant imagine what difficulty which we had （in）walking home in the snowstorm.17.（09湖南）At the age of 29, Dave was a worker,

15、 _ in a small apartment near Boston and _ what to do about his future.A. living; wondering B. lived; wonderingC. lived; wondered D. living; wondered【答案】A 考查分词的用法。句意为：29岁的大卫,是一个工人,住在一间小公寓在波士顿附近,不知怎么办关于他的未来。现在分词作定语修饰a worker，and 为并列连词，连接相同的成份。18.（09湖南）Nowadays people sometimes separate their waste to

16、make it easier for it .A. reusing B. reused C. reuses D. to be reused【答案】D 考查动词不定时的用法。句意为：现在人们有时把他们的废物分开，以便很容易被重复利用。重新再利用是指将来发生的动作，而且是被动的。故选D。19.（09江西） _ the right kind of training , these teenage soccer players may one day grew the international stars. A. Giving B. Having given C. To give D. Given

17、【答案】D 考查非谓语动词。如果把句子补充完整就不难看出：If they are given the right kind of training , 可知主语they 即these teenager soccer players与give 之间是被动的关系，所以用过去分词。根据主、从句主语一致可省略从句主语的原则，连词if 也可省，所以得出given the right kind of training , these teenager soccer players20.（09江西）The government plans to bring in new laws _ parents to

18、take more responsibility for the education of their children. A. forced B. forcing C. to be forced D. having forced 【答案】B 考查非谓语动词的用法。 现在分词短语作后置定语，修饰new laws ,相当于which forces .【专题预测】非谓语动词包括不定式、v-ing形式和过去分词，是高中英语学习的难点，也是高考考查的重点。非谓语动词和独立主格结构主要用法如下：1.动名词和动词不定式作主语、宾语；2.只跟动名词作宾语的动词或动词短语；3.只跟动词不定式作宾语的常见动词；

19、4.既可以跟动名词又可以跟动词不定式作宾语，且意义不同的动词或短语；5.不定式、现在分词、过去分词作宾语补足语的区别；6.不定式、现在分词、过去分词作定语时的区别；7.不定式、现在分词、过去分词作状语时的区别；8.动名词的复合结构在句中作状语；9.there be 结构的两种非谓语形式；10.独立主格结构在句中作状语；11.with复合结构在句中作状语或定语。【知识梳理】 非谓语动词和独立主格结构非谓语动词用法非谓语动词主要包括不定式、动名词和现在分词。为了区分这三种不同的非谓语动词的用法和含义，我们将分别从三种非谓语动词在句子中做主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语、表语以及一些特殊结构句型等

20、角度来区分其用法和细微含义。1不定式和动名词作主语的区别(1)动名词作主语通常表示抽象动作；而不定式作主语表示具体动作。Smoking is prohibited(禁止)here这里禁止抽烟。(抽象)It is not very good for you to smoke so much你抽这么多烟对你身体很不好。(具体)(2)动名词作主语时，通常用以表示一件已知的事或经验。不定式短语通常用来表示一件未完成的事或目的。Climbing mountains is interesting爬山很有趣。(经验)Driving a car during the rush hour is tiring在高

21、峰时刻开车令人厌烦。(经验)(3）不定式做主语，一般用it当形式主语，把作主语的不定式短语后置。It took me only five minutes to finish the job.2不定式、动名词和分词作表语的区别(1)不定式作表语1)不定式作表语一般表示具体动作，特别是表示将来的动作。To do two things at a time is to do neither-次做两件事等于未做。What I would suggest is to start work at once.我的建议是立刻开始干。2）如果主语是不定式（表示条件），表语也是不定式（表示结果）。To see is

22、 to believe.百闻不如一见。To work means to earn a living工作就是为了生活。3)如果主语是以aim， duty， hope， idea， happiness， job， plan， problem， purpose， thing， wish等为中心的名词，或以what引导的名词性从句，不定式作表语是对主语起补充说明 作用。His wish is to buy a luxurious car in the near future他的希望是在不远的将来买一辆豪华轿车。The function of Louis Sullivans architecture w

23、as to provide large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior.The most important thing is to negotiate with them about the future of the plant(2)动名词作表语：动名词作表语，表示抽象的一般性的行为。Our work is serving the people我们的工作是为人民服务。His hobby is collecting stamps他的爱好是集邮。(注)动名词作表语时与进行时态中的现在分词形

24、式相同，但其所属结构迥异，进行时态说明动作是由主语完成的。动名词做表语，说明主语的性质或情况。People cannot but feel puzzled， for they simply cannot understand how he could have made such a stupid mistake.His victory in the final was no more convincing than I had expected(3)分词作表语分词做表语有两种情况，一种是现在分词做表语，一种是过去分词做表语，这两者区别是考试中经常考到的地方。一般来说，表示心理状态的动词如ex

25、cite， interest等都是及物动词，汉语意思不是“激动”，“高兴”，而是“使激动”、“使高兴”，因而现在分词应该是“令人激动的”、“令人高兴的”，过去分词则是“感到激动的”和“感到高兴的”。所以，凡表示“令人的”都是-ing形式，凡是表示“感到”都用-ed形式。换句话说，若人对感兴趣，就是somebody is interested in.,若人/物本身有兴趣时，就是说sb./sth. is interesting.这类词常见的有：interesting使人感到高兴-interested感到高兴的exciting令人激动的-excited感到激动的delighting令人高兴的-del

26、ighted感到高兴的disappointing令人失望的-disappointed感到失望的encouraging令人鼓舞的-encouraged感到鼓舞的pleasing令人愉快的-pleased感到愉快的puzzling令人费解的-puzzled感到费解的satisfying令人满意的-satisfied感到满意的surprising令人惊异的-surprised感到惊异的worrying令人担心的-worried感到担心的Travelling is interesting but tiring旅行是有趣的，但是使人疲劳。The pupils will get confused if t

27、hey are made to learn too much如果要学生学得太多，他们会感到糊涂的。The argument is very convincing他的论点很令人信服。They were very excited at the news听到这个消息，他们非常激动。3不定式和动名词作宾语的区别英语中大多数动词既可跟不定式，也可跟动名词作直接宾语，但有些动词要求：(1)不定式做宾语和宾语补足语1)下面的动词要求不定式做宾语【口诀记忆】决心学会想希望，拒绝设法愿假装，主动答应选计划同意请求帮一帮，愿望似乎就没有，碰巧承担常努力。attempt企图 enable能够 neglect忽视af

28、ford负担得起 demand要求 long渴望arrange安排 destine注定 mean意欲，打算begin开始 expect期望 omit忽略，漏appear似乎，显得 determine决定 manage设法cease停止 hate憎恨，厌恶 pretend假装ask问 dread害怕 need需要agree同意 desire愿望 love爱swear宣誓 volunteer志愿 wish希望bear承受 endeavor努力 offer提供beg请求 fail不能 plan计划bother扰乱；烦恼 forget忘记 prefer喜欢，宁愿care关心，喜欢 happen碰巧 p

29、repare准备decide决定 learn学习 regret抱歉，遗憾choose选择 hesitate犹豫 profess表明claim要求 hope希望 promise承诺，允许start开始 undertake承接 want想要consent同意，赞同 intend想要 refuse拒绝decide决定 learn学习 vow起contrive设法，图谋 incline有倾向 propose提议seek找，寻觅 try试图2)下面的动词要求不定式做宾补：动词+宾语+动词不定式ask要求，邀请 get请，得到 prompt促使allow允许 forbid禁止 prefer喜欢，宁愿ann

30、ounce宣布 force强迫 press迫使inspire鼓舞 request请求 assist协助 hate憎恶 advise劝告 exhort告诫，勉励 pray请求help帮助 recommend劝告，推荐bear容忍 implore恳求 remind提醒beg请求 induce引诱 report报告compel强迫 invite吸引，邀请， command命令 intend想要，企图 show 显示drive驱赶 mean意欲，打算 train训练 cause引起 instruct指示 require要求deserve应受 leave使，让 tell告诉direct指导 like喜欢

31、 tempt劝诱 order命令 warn告诫 enable使能够 need需要 urge激励，力说encourage鼓励 want想要 condemn指责，谴责 lead引起，使得 teach教 permit允许 wish希望(2)有少数动词只能用动名词作宾语【口诀记忆】考虑建议盼原谅， 避免错过继续练，否认完成就欣赏禁止想象才冒险，不禁介意准逃亡acknowledge承认，自认 cease 停止 mention说到，讲到admit 承认 tolerate忍受 dislike不喜欢，讨厌advocate：提倡，主张 complete完成 dread可怕appreciate 感激，欣赏 confess坦白 endure忍受avoid避免 contemplate细想 enjoy享有，喜爱bear忍受 defer拖延 envy嫉妒cant help不禁 delay延迟 escape