英语语法详解.docx

1、英语语法详解一时态详解16个时态中，常用的有12个：一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、过去将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、将来进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时、将来完成时、现在完成进行时和过去完成进行时。其他时态很少单独使用。 下面把各种时态的构成和用法做一个全面的介绍。 1、一般现在时 通常以动词原形表示。主语为第三人称单数时，用现单三形式。 动词be和have(表示“拥有”)各人称的单数形式为： 第一人称单数 第二人称单数 第三人称单数 Have Have Have Has Be Am Are is 一般现在时的否定式、疑问式和简单回答形式如下： 动词be 与 have（表示“拥有”）：否

2、定式直接把not放在动词之后，疑问式直接把动词放在主语之前，见下表： 否定式 疑问式 Be Have Be Have I am not (Im not) I have not (havent) Am i? Have i? You are not (arent) You have not (havent) Are you? Have you? He is not (isnt) He has not (hasnt) Is he ? Has he ? 动词be 的否定疑问式和简单回答： 否定疑问式 肯定回答 否定回答 Am I not (arent i)? Yes, you are. No, you

3、 arent Are you not (arent you)? Yes, I am. No, Im not. Is he not (isnt he)? Yes, he is. No, he isnt 动词be 与 have(表示“拥有”)：否定式直接把not放在动词之后，疑问式直接把动词放在主语之前，见下表： 否定式 疑问式 Be Have Be Have I am not (Im not) I have not (havent) Am i? Have I ? You are not (arent) You have not (havent) Are you ? Have you? He is

4、 not (isnt) He has not (hasnt) Is he ? Has he ? 动词have(表示“拥有”) 的否定疑问式和简单回答： 否定疑问式 肯定回答 否定回答 Have I not (havent i)? Yes, you have. No, you havent. Have you not (havent you)? Yes, I have. No, I havent. Has he not (hasnt he)? Yes, he has. No, he hasnt. 注意：have 作为行为动词则只能按照行为动词的规则变化。 行为动词（以study为例）一般现在时的

5、否定式、疑问式和简单回答（注意要加助动词do/does） 否定式 疑问式 I do not (dont) study Do I study You do not (dont) study Do you study He does not (doesnt) study Does he study 否定疑问句式 简单回答（肯定/否定） Do I not (Dont I) study? Yes, I do. No, I dont. Do you not (Dont you) study? Yes, you do. No, you dont. Does he not (Doesnt he) study

6、? Yes, he does. No, he doesnt. 2、现在进行时 由助动词be 现在分词构成。其中be有人称和数的变化，有三种形式：第一人称单数用am, 第三人称单数用is, 其他用are。 现在进行时的否定式是：直接在助动词be后面加上not；疑问式是：把助动词be提到主语之前。以study 为例： 否定式 疑问式 I am not studying Am I studying? You are not studying, Are you studying? He is not studying. Is he studying? 5、一般过去时 一般过去时通常由动词过去式表示。一

7、般过去时的否定式、疑问式和简单回答形式要用助动词do 的过去式did, 同时注意实义动词要用原形。以study 为例，其否定式、疑问式和简单回答形式如下： 否定式 疑问式 I did not (didnt) study. Did I study? You did not (didnt) study. Did you study? He did not (didnt) study. Did he study? 否定疑问式 简单回答 （肯定/否定） Did I not (Didnt I) study? Yes, you did. No, you didnt. Di you not (Didnt y

8、ou) study? Yes, I did. No, I didnt. Did he not (Didnt he) study? Yes, he did. No, he didnt. 6、过去进行时 由助动词be 的过去式 现在分词构成。其中be有人称和数的变化，第一、第三人称单数用was，其他用were. 1）过去进行时动词主要表示在过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行或持续进行的动作。过去进行时经常与过去时配合使用。例如： This time yesterday, we were having an English lesson. 昨天这个时候，我们正在上英语课。 The teacher w

9、as giving us a lesson when Tom walked into the room.老师在给我们上课时，汤姆走进教室。 While we were having supper, all the lights went out. 我们吃饭的时候，灯灭了。 He was reading while she was setting the table. 她摆桌子时，他在读书。 It was getting dark. The wind was rising. 天渐渐黑下来了。风势增强了。 2）过去进行时动词常用always, continually, frequently 等词连

10、用，表示过去经常发生的行为。这种用法表明带有的感情色彩。例如： The two brothers were frequently quarreling when they were young. 两兄弟小时候常吵架。 In Qing Dynasty, China was always making concessions to western powers. 清朝时，中国总是对西方列强妥协。 7、过去完成时 一律用had + 过去分词构成。 用法： 1）表示发生在过去某一时间或动作之前的事情，即“过去的过去”。用过去完成时，必须有一个过去的时间或动作来作参照，说明在此之前某事已发生。如果两个动

11、作都是在过去发生的，先发生的用过去完成时，后发生的用一般过去时。例如： She told me she had been there three times before. 她告诉我她以前到过那里三次。（“去过”发生在“告诉”之前） How long had he taught here by the end of last term? 到上学期末为止，他在这里教学多长时间啦？ （“教学”发生在上学期末结束之前） When we arrived, the football match had already begun. 我们到的时候，足球赛已经开始了。 She had visited Chi

12、na twice before she came this year. 她今年来中国之前已访问过中国两次了。 2）过去完成时动词可以表示过去某一时刻之前发生的动作或呈现的状态，这一动作一直持续到过去这一时刻或将继续下去。例如： By the middle of last month, I had lived in Beijing for five years. 到上月中旬，我已在北京住了五年了。 By six oclock they had worked for eight hours. 到六点为止，他们已工作八小时了。When I came to Shanghai, he had been

13、there for a long time. 我到上海时，他在那里很长时间了。 3）过去完成时动词常用于间接引语和虚拟语气，我们以后会详细讲述。 4）此外，过去完成时常用于 no soonerthan 和 hardly(scarcely) when 这两个句型，前面部分用过去完成时，后面部分用一般过去时。例如： No sooner had he stolen the purse than he was caught red-handed. = He had no sooner stolen the purse than he was caught red-handed. 他刚偷到钱包就被当场抓

14、获。 Saddam had hardly realized what was happening when he was captured. = Hardly had Saddam realized what was happening when he was captured. 萨达姆还没有意识到在发生什么事情就被抓获了。 8、过去完成进行时 had been + 动词的现在分词。 用法：表示一直持续到过去某个时间的行为动作，此行为动作或刚结束、或还没结束（可以从上下文看出）。这一时态经常与一般过去时一起使用。例如： When he came in, I had been trying to

15、 repair the TV for a couple of hours. 他进来的时候，我一直在努力修理电视机好几个小时了 The roads were dangerous. It had been raining for two whole days. 道路很危险。雨一直下了两整天。 They were tired because they had been digging since dawn. 他们累了，因为从天亮开始他们就一直在挖。 The boy was delighted with the new mountain bike. He had been hoping for one

16、 for a long time. 那男孩得到一辆新山地自行车很高兴。很长时间来他一直希望有一辆。 9、一般将来时 一般将来时动词表示将来发生的动作或情况。主要有以下几种表现形式： （1）shall/will + 动词原形 表示单纯的将来，不涉及主语的主观意愿。第一人称I, we用shall 或will，其余用will. 其否定式、疑问式和简单回答形式如下： 否定式 疑问式 I shall/will not study. Shall I study? You will not study. Will you study? He will not study. Will he study? 否定

17、疑问式 简单回答（肯定/否定） Shall I not (shant i) study? Yes, you will. No, you wont. Will you not (Wont you) study? Yes, I shall/will. No, I shant/wont. Will he not (Wont he) study.? Yes, he will. No, he wont. 例如： I shall be twenty years old next year. 我明年二十岁。 The sky is black. I think it will rain. 天黑下来了。我想可能

18、会下雨。You will meet him at the station this afternoon. 你下午会在车站碰到他。 The train will arrive soon. 火车快要到了。 When shall we see you next time? 我们下次什么时候能看见你呢？ He probably wont go with us. 他大概不能和我们一起去。 注意： 1）shall, will的缩写形式为ll, 如Ill, youll, hell 和shell等。 2）will 用于第一人称时，可以表示将来的意愿、决心、允诺、命令等；shall用于第二、三人称时，可以表示说

19、话人的将来的意愿。例如： I will give you a new pen for your birthday. 我将送你一支新钢笔作为生日礼物。（允诺） I will take the college entrance examination. 我将参加大学入学考试。（决心） Shall I open the window?我打开窗户好吗？（征求允诺） You shall have the book as soon as I get it. 我一拿到书就给你。（说话人的允诺） The enemy shall not pass.决不让敌人通过。（说话人的保证） I will do my be

20、st to help you.我愿意尽力帮助你。（意愿） Nobody shall be late for the meeting. 任何人开会都不能迟到。（说话人的命令） （2）be going + 动词不定式 1）这种结构表示主体现在打算在最近或将来要做某事。这种打算往往是事先考虑好的。例如： My brother is going to learn English next year.我哥哥准备明年学英语。 I am going to meet Tom at the station at six. 我六点钟要到火车站去接汤姆。 She is not going to be there.她

21、不会到那儿去的。 When are you going to finish your work?你的工作什么时候做完？ He is going to stay a week.他准备呆一星期。 We are going to call a meeting to discuss it. 我们准备开个会来讨论一下。 2）这种结构还可以表示说话人根据已有的迹象认为非常可能即将发生某事。例如： Look at these black clouds？it is going to rain. 看这些乌云？要下雨了。 I think it is going to snow. 我看要下雪。 I am afrai

22、d I am going to have a bad cold. 恐怕我要得重感冒。 10、将来进行时 shall/will be + 现在分词 用法：将来进行时动词表示在将来某一段时间内将会发生的动作。 This time next week we shall be working in that factory. 下星期这时候，我们将在那个工厂劳动。 When I get up tomorrow morning, my mother will be getting breakfast for me. 当我明天早晨起床时，我妈妈将在为我准备早饭。 I will be seeing him n

23、ext month.我下个月将要见他。 Tomorrow we will be going to the village fair.我们明天去赶集。 We will be taking our holiday at the seaside in July.七月份我们要去海边度假。 一般将来时与将来进行时都表示将来，那么如何区别一般将来时和将来进行时呢？将来进行时不表示个人意愿，强调主观上感觉某事即将发生，并对这一事情有着期待，感情色彩较浓，强调动作。一般将来时主要是对某一事情即将发生做一个事实性的说明或陈述，强调事实或意愿。 11、过去将来时 （1）由should/would + 动词原形构成

24、。第一人称用should; 第二、三人称用would。美国英语所有人称一律用would. should/would 的简略形式为d, 如Id, youd; would not 和should not的简略形式分别为wouldnt 和shouldnt. （2）过去将来时表示从过去某时间看将要发生的事情，多用在宾语从句中。还可以表示过去的倾向或过去经常发生的事情。如： They asked me if I would go to Guangzhou soon. 他们问我是否很快要去广州。 She told me she would come again next week. 她和我说她下周还来。

25、I told him to leave immediately, but he wouldnt. 我告诉他马上离开，但他不。 Hed play the violin when he was in low spirits. 他情绪低落的时候，就拉小提琴。 When I was in college, I would find a part-time job during the summer holidays every year to earn my tuition. 我上大学的时候，每年暑假都找份临时工挣学费。 （3）其他表示过去将来时的结构： 12、将来完成时 shall/will + h

26、ave + 过去分词 用法：将来完成时动词主要表示在将来的某一时刻或将来的某一时刻之前完成的动作，这一动作也可能继续进行。例如： By seven oclock this afternoon we shall have got to Shanghai if the train keeps good line. 如果火车运行正常，我们今天下午七点就到上海了。 Before bedtime Xiao Ming will have completed his work. 到上床睡觉的时候，小明会做完他的工作（或作业）。 By February next year this foreign exper

27、t will have been here on this job for five years. 到明年二月，这个外国专家在这儿做这项工作就满五年了。 By Sept. 2008 Beijing will have held/hosted the Olympic Games. 到2008年9月，北京将举行完了奥运会。二1.被动语态的构成 被动语态由“be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。这里要强调一定是及物动词的过去分词，因为不及物动词不能带宾语，也就不可能有被动语态。英语主动语态有16个时态；被动语态常用的有8个，以give为例说明如下： 时态 动词形式 一般现在时 Am/is/are give

28、n 一般过去时 Was/were given 一般将来时 Shall/will be given 现在进行时 Am/is/are being given 过去进行时 Was/were being given 过去将来时 Should/would be given 现在完成时 Has/have been given 过去完成时 Had been given 被动语态的疑问句是将第一个助动词移到主语之前、句末用问号；否定式是在第一个助动词后加not或never等其他否定词、句末用句号。The origin of the universe will probably never be explain

29、ed. 宇宙的起源大概永远也不会被解释清楚。 Is the restaurant being decorated? 那家餐馆正在装修吗？ The restaurant is not being decorated. In the fact the restaurant has never been decorated。 那家餐馆没有在装修。实际上，那家餐馆从来没有装修过。 2.被动语态的用法 1、不知道或没有必要指出动作的执行者。换个说法，有一件事情不知道是谁干的或者不想说出是谁干的，这时就用被动语态。例如： I felt a littlie nervous when I was being

30、interviewed. 我接受面试的时候，有点紧张。 These fighters are imported from Russia. 这些战斗机是从俄国进口的。 That place has been turned into a swimming pool. 那个地方已被变成游泳池。 2、说话或发表意见时，为了显得客观公正，也常用被动语态 Hes said/believed/reported to be in the U. S. A. 据说/据信/据报道他在美国。 还有下列常用句型（that后面跟句子）： It is said that.据说 It is reported that.据报道 It is hoped that.希望 It is believed that.人们相信 It is announced that.据宣布 it is (well) known that.众所周知 It has been decided that.已经决定 It is supposed that.人们认为 It is suggested that.有人建议