英译汉初步知识可使你登峰造极.docx

1、英译汉初步知识可使你登峰造极英译汉初步知识可使你登峰造极！ warm-ups直译1. Scientists have reason to think that a man can put up with far more radiation than 0.1 rem without being damaged.2. We bombed their cities in revenge for their attacks on ours.3. Can you sit still without moving for ten minutes?意译1. “ and I had not known yo

2、u a month before I felt that you were the last man in the world whom I could ever be prevailed on (说服) to marry.”2. He had the emotional stability of a six-year-old child.词义1. Then we fed them four unidentified samples of cola one at a time, regular colas for the one group, diet version for the othe

3、r.2. If the state punishes a murderer by death its an eye for an eye.3. For every writer kissed by fortune there are thousands more whose longing is never rewarded.4. A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands out high grades for ordinary achievement ends up with uninspired st

4、udents.语序1. Researchers have established that when people are mentally engaged, biochemical changed occur in the brain that allow it to act more effectively in cognitive areas such as attention and memory.2. The latter ignores the higher cost of providing full services to a scattered community and t

5、he cost in both money and time of the journeys to work for the suburban resident.3. The readers hair stands on end when he reads in the final pages of the novel in her youth, poisoned every one of her five husbands.4. Can you answer a question which I want to ask and which is puzzling me?5. We find

6、that we have to deal with things like climate, soil, plants, and such-like factors common to all biological situations.6. The evolutionary theory accounts well for differences in sleep among creatures.分译1. A certain number of characteristic errors have been pointed out by linguists (语言学家) and can be

7、 usefully recalled at this point.2. The underwater computer WetPC, fastened with a strap (皮带) to the diver (潜水员), is designed for use by oceanographers (海洋学家) and other submarine workers who need to record data, consult maps, gather information, count fish and diagnose (诊断) equipment faults. (分译)3.

8、The ambassador (大使) was giving a dinner to a few people whom he wished especially to talk to or to hear from. (分译)4. She was pardonably proud of her wonderful cooking. (分译)固定句式1. There are some people who wont left home in the morning without an umbrella.1. Generally speaking the Americans cannot sm

9、oke without many people complaining.2. You can never see too many sunrises here.增译1. It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch (纪元) of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity (怀疑) (增译)2. It is argued by some writers

10、 that the transition to the fathers role, although difficult, is not nearly as great as the transition the wife must make to the mothers role.3. In the 1880 s the United States was a land sharply divided between the immensely wealthy and the very poor.词类转换1. People should have some basic idea of how

11、 the things that they use do what they do.There is another conversation which from our point of view is equally important, and that is to do not with what is read but with how it is read.2. In societies where social roles are rigidly determined, boys pattern their play after the activities of their

12、fathers and girls after the tasks of their mothers.一.英译汉概述英译汉考试的重点是测试学生对英语的理解能力及汉语表达能力。在教育部制定的硕士学位研究生英语教学大纲中,规定了硕士生入学时应达到的英语水平标准,有关翻译部分的规定是“能将一般难度的英语短文译成汉语，理解基本正确，译文达意”。这就需要考生既要有比较好的英语基础，还要有扎实的汉语功底。翻译是一项对综合能力要求比较高的题型，它不仅要求学生对词汇、语法、语篇以及文化等有较好的掌握，还要求学生有着很强的组词成句、组句成段的能力。仔细观察历年的考题，我们会发现这类题型主观性比较强，它要求考生可

13、以有适当的发挥。但在评分时有合适标准和可接受的标准，也就是说只要考生所翻译的句子适合于上下文的基本思想而且其译文也能被人所接受，一般可以判定这个句子的翻译符合要求。最近几年的考研翻译部分是给出一篇400多个词的英语文章，要求考生在仔细阅读整篇文章并理解文章的基本意义的基础上，准确地按照上下文的提示和意义(即一定的语境)将划线部分(一般是五个句子)翻译成汉语。体裁大多是议论文，其中相当一部分的内容是有关科学常识的。所以要取得一个好成绩考生不但要有比较扎实的翻译基本功而且还需要比较广的知识面。比较扎实的翻译基本功包括良好的语言素质、对两种语言异同点的把握和熟悉翻译的基本技能和技巧。二.翻译的标准翻

14、译是运用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思想内容准确而完整地表达出来的一种活动。翻译在某中程度上讲也是一个思维再创造的过程。在翻译的过程中，译者必须遵守一定的标准与原则。对于考研翻译而言，“忠实”和“通顺”是两项最基本的要求。忠实：由于翻译是在理解了别人用一种语言所表达的意思后，把同样的意思用另一种语言表达出来，因此译者首先要忠实于原作的内容，也就是说翻译的过程主要是传达别人的意思，而不是自己进行创作，不得篡改、歪曲、遗漏原文所表达的思想。可见准确地理解原文是翻译好一篇文章的关键。通顺：这条原则指的是将一种语言翻译成另一种语言后，译文要流畅、明白、易懂。具体到英译汉来说，就是将英语翻译成汉语后，语

15、言必须符合汉语的习惯和规范，用词要准确，文字不晦涩、不生硬、不洋化。三.翻译五步骤1.正确理解原文、弄清上下文之间的关系:英译汉的第一步是准确、完整、透彻地理解英语原文。译者对原文稍有差错，译文就不可能准确无误，甚至会差之毫厘,却失之千里。任何一篇文章都是一个有机的整体，所有的内容都围绕着文章的中心思想展开，每一个单词每一个句子都是整体的一部分。如果只注意单个词句，不注意整体，还是要出各种各样的错误，即在某种意义上说不能完整地翻译原文所要表达的意思。所以，在进行具体翻译前，首先通读全文，了解文章的整体内容，准确把握作者所要表达的主题思想和重要事实。在此基础上，认真分析划线部分与上下文之间的各种

16、关系(逻辑关系、语法关系、意义关系)。.认真分析划线部分的语法结构:英译汉的句子一般比较长，而且其结构也比较复杂。考生需要首先观察这个长句子中是否有从句，是哪种类型的从句。然后再找出主句和从句中的骨干结构(主语、谓语、宾语)及其修饰成分(状语、定语、宾语补足语、同位语等)，同时要注意句子是否有省略的地方，以及介词短语、不定式短语、分词短语、动名词短语的各种语法功能。这样句子结构就十分清晰了，翻译时就会心中有数,就能够做到有的放矢。3.仔细琢磨划线部分英语句子的含义:考生在对原文有一个整体的了解并且弄懂了划线部分的语法结构后，就要仔细琢磨划线部分英语句子的含义，特别留心一些固定表达法、某些短语的

17、特殊含义、代词的指代意义等。如：The importance of the English language in communication cant be overestimated.这句话的意思是“英语在国际交流中的重要性怎么估计也不会过高。”如果按照字面意思直译，则很可能译成“英语在国际交流中的重要性不能被估计过高”。4.忠实流畅地汉语表达:在准确理解划线部分英语句子的含义后，如何用通顺的汉语将其表达出来是关键。表达是理解的结果，是把已经理解了的原作内容选择适当的译文重新表达出来。由于两种语言存在着语言、语法及表达方式上的差异，所以在翻译的时候必须作相应的调整和改变，使中文读者阅读译文

18、时感到自然、流畅。5.仔细审校润色:正确地理解原文、忠实流畅地用汉语表达原意是翻译中的重要步骤，审校则是使译文更完美的最后一个环节。通过审校，我们可以发现译文的一些漏洞和不足之处，如人名、地名、日期、数字、时间等细节是否有遗漏和错译的地方，指代关系是否一致，是否存在错别字，标点符号是否准确等。四.英译汉技巧1.选词用字法:正确选词是保证翻译质量的重要前提。由于构思时联想不同，表达方式不同以及英语和汉语两种语言都有一词多类、一词多意等现象，用两种语言表达同一种思想或描述同一种情况时所选用的词语必然不同。因此在翻译时要在理解原文的基础上，选用一个恰当的词语显得尤为重要。如:1. Every lif

19、e has its roses and thorns.2. The population has increased to the extent of explosion. The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this, which means that we are heading into a crisis in the matter of producing and marketing food.3. Students of how children learn language generally agree

20、 that the most remarkable aspect of this feat is the rapid acquisition of grammar.2.增译法:英汉两种语言由于词法和句法有差异，表达方式也不尽相同，翻译时为了使译文合乎汉语的习惯和表达规律，为了使意思更加明确，从意义、修辞和句法上考虑需要在译文中适当增添一些虽无其词而有其意的词。1)抽象名词后加词使其具体化。如: serious unemployment2)增加数量词。如: first oil well第一口油井It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset:

21、it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all. (真题示范)3)增加表示时态的词。如: You were, you are, and you remain to be my beloved mentor.4)增加一个适当的动词。如: The world neednt be afraid of a possible shortage of coal,

22、 oil, natural gas or other resources of fuel for the future.5)增加英语中省略的词。如: This year the export quantity of black tea increased by 20 percent, and jasmine tea by 30 percent.3.减译法:由于英汉两种语言在语法结构、表达方式以及修辞手段上的不同，有些词语或句子成分在英语中是必不可少的，但若搬到译文中去，就会影响译文的简洁和通顺。因此在英译汉的过程中，为了使译文更加简练，更符合汉语的表达习惯，需要省略一些可有可无或翻译后反嫌累赘

23、的词语。但必须注意，减译不是删掉原文中的某些内容，在不易减译的情况下，不要随便减。1)省略代词。如: If the chain reaction went on without being checked, it could cause a terrible explosion.2)省略介词。如:Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historian and philosophers of scienc

24、e. (真题示范)3)省略名词。如:Perhaps you have overlooked the fact that your account for May purchases has not yet been settled.Behaviorists, in contrast, say that differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often deprived of may of the educational and other environmental advantages that whites en

25、joy. (真题示范)4)省略动词。如:There is no doubt that well carry out the experiment successfully.He behaved politely while answering the interviewers questions.Galileos greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve

26、around the sun rather than around the Earth.(真题示范)4.转译法:英语和汉语的结构是有很大区别的，在翻译过程中有些句子可以逐词翻译，但也有相当一部分句子不能按照英语的句子结构机械地翻译。在忠实于原文的前提下，原文中有些词在译文中需要转换词类，某些语法成分也需要作适当的调整，这样才能使汉语译文更通顺、更自然。如:He acts as if he were a king.Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe.Do animals have rights? T

27、his is how the question is usually put. It sounds like a useful, ground-clearing way to start. Actually, it isnt, because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human right, which is something the world does not have.(真题示范)5.分译法:英语长句子比较多，汉语句子相对而言比较短。在翻译时可以改变原文结构，把原文的某个成分从原来的结构中分离出来，译成一个独立成分、从

28、句或并列分句。We tried in vain to persuade him to give up his wrong belief.It has been rightly stated that this situation is a threat to international security.It is well said, in every sense, that a mans religion is the chief fact with regard to him.6.合译法:和分译法不同，合译法是将不同的句子成分组合在一起，使其更符合汉语的表达方法。如:To see an

29、animal in pain is enough, for most, to encourage sympathy. When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is mankinds instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at. (真题示范)Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men

30、 of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools. (真题示范)7.反译法:一个问题有时可以从不同的角度来解释说明。有些句子英语是从正面说的，汉语可以从反面来解释。1)否定译成肯定。如:There is no rule that has no exception.(双重否定)Hardly a month goes by without word of another survey revealing new depths of scientific illiteracy among

31、U. S. citizens.(双重否定)(真题示范)Under such times as mankind has the sense to lower its population to the point where the planet can provide a comfortable support for all, people will have to accept more “unnatural food”. (真题示范)2)肯定译成否定。如:Everyone has the right to be free from hunger.This will be particul

32、arly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the high-energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields.(真题示范)Men are too clever to let themselves be cheated by fashion designers.The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention from the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users.(真题示范)The conclusion we reached in Britain is that change simply cannot sensibly be put off.8.顺序调整法: