届二轮复习语法专题构词法考点解读19页word版.docx

1、届二轮复习语法专题 构词法考点解读19页word版2019届二轮复习语法专题 构词法考点解读正确运用构词法知识是词汇学习的重要途径，同时也是扩大词汇的一个重要方法，英语中构词法主要可以分为派生法、合成法、转化法等。牢固掌握并熟练运用构词法知识，不仅有助于提高考生对阅读中生词进行辨识的能力，更能够灵活运用到语法填空和短文改错对于词性转换的考查当中。一、派生法在一个词的词根之前或之后加上某个词缀来生成一个新词的构词法，即称作派生法。加在词根之前的词缀叫作前缀，加在词根之后的为后缀。1形容词变副词的后缀变化形式例词直接加ly slowslowly缓慢地改y为ilyhappyhappily高兴地去e加

2、lytruetruly真地2形容词变名词的后缀后缀例词ageshortshortage不足；短缺cyefficientefficiency效率；功效fluentfluency流利；流畅accurateaccuracy准确性privateprivacy隐私；私密domfreefreedom自由；自主wisewisdom明智；智慧encedifferentdifference差异silentsilence沉默nessweakweakness虚弱；弱点kindkindness仁慈；好意carelesscarelessness粗心大意darkdarkness黑暗thstrongstrength力气；强

3、项warmwarmth温暖；热情truetruth真实widewidth宽ytyitydifficultdifficulty困难cruelcruelty残酷；残暴safesafety安全disabledisability无能；残疾responsibleresponsibility责任3动词变名词的后缀 后缀例词alapproveapproval赞成；批准arrivearrival到来；到达survivesurvival幸存proposeproposal提议；建议anceappearappearance出现；外貌guideguidance指引；指导performperformance表演；节目e

4、nceexistexistence存在；生存preferpreference偏爱referreference参考；查阅ionattractattraction吸引constructconstruction建设educateeducation教育evaluateevaluation评估graduategraduation毕业discussdiscussion讨论；辩论ationexpectexpectation期待；期望explainexplanation解释considerconsideration考虑imagineimagination想象力starvestarvation挨饿invitei

5、nvitation邀请；请柬(s)siondecidedecision决定admitadmission接纳；准许入学inghearhearing听力；听觉beginbeginning开始mentachieveachievement功绩；成就argueargument辩论；论据treattreatment对待；治疗equipequipment设备urefailfailure失败；没做到presspressure压力turemixmixture混合；混合物departdeparture离开；出发yrecoverrecovery恢复；痊愈discoverdiscovery发现其他growgrowth

6、成长；发展choosechoice选择varyvariety多样化；种类tendtendency趋向；趋势4表示“人”的后缀在某些形容词、名词或动词后面加后缀变成具有某种职业或动作的人。常见的表示“人”的后缀有：后缀例词erteachteacher老师villagevillager村民strangestranger陌生人arlieliar说谎者eeemployemployee受雇者；雇员interviewinterviewee被面试者traintrainee受训练人；学员orinventinventor发明家actactor男演员educateeducator教育家；教师essactactre

7、ss女演员godgoddess女神hosthostess 女主人；女主持人eseChinaChinese中国人JapanJapanese日本人anAmericaAmerican美国人AustraliaAustralian澳大利亚人ianmusicmusician音乐家historyhistorian历史学家politicspolitician政治家；政客istnovelnovelist小说家specialspecialist专家tourtourist旅行者；观光者antserveservant仆人participateparticipant参加者assistassistant助手；图书管理员5

8、动词、名词变形容词的常见后缀后缀例词ableacceptacceptable可接受的comfortcomfortable舒适的fashionfashionable时髦的suitsuitable合适的reasonreasonable有道理的almusicmusical音乐的originoriginal最初的personpersonal个人的；私人的centercentral中央的；中心的naturenatural自然的；天生的formformal正式的nationnational全国的fuldoubtdoubtful怀疑的forgetforgetful健忘的harmharmful有害的hopeh

9、opeful有希望的peacepeaceful和平的carecareful细心的useuseful有用的helphelpful有帮助的edscarescared感到恐惧的confuseconfused感到困惑的puzzlepuzzled迷惑的worryworried担心的borebored感到厌倦的exciteexcited激动的；兴奋的underlineunderlined加下划线的ingsurprisesurprising令人惊讶的convinceconvincing令人信服的satisfysatisfying令人满意的worryworrying令人担心的boreboring令人厌烦的ib

10、leaccessaccessible容易到达的；容易取得的horrorhorrible可怕的；恐怖的；糟糕的terrorterrible可怕的；很糟的；剧烈的iveactactive积极的；活跃的effecteffective有效的；生效的attractattractive有吸引力的impressimpressive给人深刻印象的instructinstructive有教育意义的expenseexpensive昂贵的ouscontinuecontinuous不断的；持续的anxietyanxious忧虑的cautioncautious十分小心的；谨慎的curiositycurious好奇的hu

11、morhumorous幽默的sometiretiresome令人厌倦的troubletroublesome麻烦的ytastetasty美味的；可口的healthhealthy健康的wealthwealthy富裕的；丰富的dirtdirty有灰尘的；脏的rainrainy有雨的sunsunny阳光明媚的cloudcloudy阴天的，多云的erneasteastern东方的；向东的westwestern西方的；向西的ishchildchildish孩子气的foolfoolish愚蠢的；可笑的selfselfish自私的icsciencescientific科学的economyeconomic经济的

12、historyhistoric历史上著名的aryimagineimaginary想象中的6表示否定或相反意义的前缀和后缀前/后缀例词前缀disagreedisagree不同意advantagedisadvantage缺点appeardisappear消失comfortdiscomfort不适honestdishonest不诚实的illegalillegal不合法的logicalillogical不合逻辑的impoliteimpolite无礼的patientimpatient不耐烦的moralimmoral不道德的informalinformal非正式的convenientinconvenien

13、t不方便的directindirect不直接的irregularirregular不规则的responsibleirresponsible不负责任的misleadmislead误导understandmisunderstand误解unusualunusual不寻常的willingunwilling不愿意的happyunhappy不高兴的knownunknown不出名的后缀lesshopehopeless绝望的endendless没完没了的carecareless粗心的helphelpless无助的useuseless无用的前/后缀例词前缀enableenable使能够largeenlarge扩

14、大richenrich使充实；使丰富dangerendanger危及courageencourage鼓励后缀enbroadbroaden使变宽riperipen使成熟sharpsharpen使尖锐widewiden加宽shortshorten变短deepdeepen加深darkdarken使变暗hardharden使变硬ifyclassclassify把分类justjustify证明正确simplesimplify简化beautybeautify美化后缀izeapologyapologize道歉emphasisemphasize强调memorymemorize记住realrealize认识到；

15、实现二、合成法把两个或两个以上的单词合成一个新的单词的构词法叫作合成法。以合成法构成的单词称作合成词，包括合成名词、合成动词、合成形容词、合成副词等。1合成名词构成例词名词名词newspaper报纸babysitter 保姆airport 机场schoolmate 校友形容词名词greenhouse温室highway 高速公路mainland 大陆shorthand 速记动词副词gettogether联欢会breakdown 崩溃breakthrough 突破副词动词outbreak爆发output 产量downfall 垮台outcome 结果其他构成wellbeing健康grownup 成

16、年人passerby 路人gobetween 媒人bridetobe 准新娘parentstobe 准父母soninlaw 女婿byproduct 副产品2.合成形容词构成例词形容词/数词名词edwarmhearted热心的blueeyed 蓝眼睛的absentminded 心不在焉的middleaged 中年的ninestoreyed 九层楼的threelegged 三条腿的onesided 片面的名词/副词分词peaceloving热爱和平的Englishspeaking 讲英语的meateating 食肉的manmade 人造的snowcovered 白雪覆盖的handmade 手工的s

17、tateowned 国有的welldressed 穿着好的newlybuilt 新建的widespread 广泛流传的名词形容词worldfamous世界著名的icecool 冰冷的snowwhite 雪白的grassgreen 草绿的taxfree 免税的fatfree 无脂的troublefree 无忧无虑的形容词名词fulltime全职的 parttime 兼职的secondhand 二手的 upperclass 上层阶级的，上流社会的highgrade 品质优良的largescale 大规模的形容词分词goodlooking好看的easygoing 随和的slowmoving 移动缓慢

18、的数词名词形容词200meterlong 200 米长的1,000wordlong 1 000词的18yearold 18岁大的20meterwide 20 米宽的3其他合成词构成例词合成动词upset使心烦意乱overcome 克服overjoy 使狂喜overthrow 推翻oversleep 睡过头undergo 经历overcharge 超额收费overbook 超额预订合成副词afterwards以后，后来inwards 向内地upwards 向上地downwards 向下地forward 向前，前进upstairs 在楼上anywhere 任何地方anyhow 无论如何foreve

19、r 永远合成介词outside 在外面without 没有within 在之内into 进入onto 到之上三、转化法不改变词形，把一个词由一种词类转用为另一种词类的方法叫转化法。动词名词lookhave a look看一看surveymake a survey调查walktake a walk散步resthave a rest休息一下swimhave a swim游泳名词动词button nv.扣纽扣book nv.预订seat nv.容纳back nv.支持milk nv.挤奶name nv.命名water nv.浇水形容词动词slow adj.v.减慢narrow adj.v.使变窄；(

20、差距等)缩小warm adj.v.使变暖；加热dirty adj.v.弄脏free adj.v.释放correct adj.v.改正形容词副词hard adj.困难的adv.努力地high adj.高的adv. 高deep adj.深的adv. 深wide adj.宽的adv. 广阔地注意hardly意为“几乎不”；high, deep, wide作副词时指的是具体意义上的“高”“深”“广阔地”，而表示抽象意义则分别用highly, deeply和widely。.用所给词的适当形式填空名词后缀1(2015全国卷)In addition to their simple beauty, what

21、makes the adobe dwellings admirable is their ability (able) to “air condition” a house without using electric equipment.2(2016江西新余一中模拟)You may find to your amazement (amaze) that there is more kindness in your community than you ever believe possible.3It is necessary to have a physical examination (

22、examine) every year.4Annan will be remembered for his ability and his warmth (warm)5Without hesitation (hesitate), I decided to follow them and we did have lots of fun that day.6She was put under house arrest two years ago but remained a powerful symbol in last years election (elect)7It is a very ef

23、fective way to learn the language and improve your pronunciation (pronounce)8My English improved a lot; more importantly, I gained much confidence (confident)9Do you want to get to the classroom earlier to make some preparations (prepare)?10That little act of kindness (kind) made everyone who saw it

24、 feel good but it made me feel the best of all!11He encouraged me to be a writer (write) in the future.12The explanations (explain) were simple but very unusual.13Several days later, out of my expectation (expect), I saw it quietly stand in a corner of the house where I worked. I was extremely glad

25、to regain it.14The protection (protect) and improvement of the human environment is a major issue which affects all the people and economic development throughout the world.15As far as I am concerned, my suggestion (suggest) is that we should always have a notebook and a ChineseEnglish dictionary wi

26、thin easy reach.形容词、副词后缀1(2016全国卷)Recent studies show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks regularly (regular)2(2014辽宁高考)I cannot control my body well. My legs become painful (pain)3(2014全国卷)The river was so polluted that it actually (actual) caught fire and burned.4(2014全

27、国卷)Everyone on the bus began talking about what the boy had done, and the crowd of strangers suddenly (sudden) became friendly to one another.5(2014全国卷)There were many people waiting at the bus stop, and some of them looked very anxious and disappointed (disappoint)6One person was killed, several we

28、re seriously (serious) hurt and taken to hospital, and a number of other people received smaller hurt.7The highspeed train that connects the two cities is both fast and comfortable (comfort)8Not only the teachers but also the students find the website beneficial (benefit)9It snowed heavily (heavy) last night and now the streets are covered with snow.10He was more than just an English teacher, because he also taught me useful (use) lessons in life.11Most people nowadays are so busy with their l