英语语法基础-.ppt

1、英语语法基础,第一章 名词名词是表示人、事物、抽象概念等名称的词分类：1）专有名词，表示人、地方、机构、组织等的专有名称。包括人名、地名、月份、星期、节日、书名、电影名等等以及某些抽象名词，如Jim 吉姆（人名）China 中国 July七月 注：专有名词首字母常需大写，若是专有名词词组则每个单词首字母均需大写,若是缩略词则每个字母均需大写2)普通名词，具体分为个体名词、集合名词、物质名词、和抽象名词。其中个体名词表示某类人或东西中的个体，如girl；集合名词表示若干个个体组成的集合体，如student；物质名词表示无法分为个体的实物，如water；抽象名词表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念

2、，如work，happiness注：专有名词和普通名词中的物质名词和抽象名词为不可数名词，集体名词和个体名词是可数名词,名词的数,名词复数的规则变化：1）一般情况下加-s如，books,desks等2）以s,x,z,sh,ch等结尾的名词，通常加-es，busbuses,boxboxes，dishdishes等3）以y结尾的名词，其复数构成要分两种情况：以“辅音字母+y”结尾的名词，将y改为i再加-es：citycities;以“元音字母+y”结尾的名词，直接加词尾-s：toytoys，holidayholidays.注：以ch结尾的名词，若ch读音为【tf】时，则加-es，若为【k】时就直接

3、加-s，如stomachs；以y结尾的专有名词，直接加-s变复数；以o结尾的名词，有些加-es，有些加-s，加-es主要有以下4个，tomato,potato,hero,Negro黑人；zero则皆可；以f或fe结尾的名词，有两种可能，即有些直接加-s，有些则把f改为v再加es，如，roofs，knives，后者现有有10个，wife，life，knife,leaf,thief,half,self,shelf,loaf,wolf,单数复数同形的名词,Sheep fish(加-es时表示种类）deer Chinese mesas works 名词复数的不规则变化manmen womanwomen

4、 childchildren toothteeth footfeet gooesgeese Mousemice oxoxen复数形式的固定结构consider ones feelingsmake friends with 与某人交朋友take measures to do sth 采取措施做某事make repairs 修理make matters better使情况好转,第二章冠词,分类：不定冠词，定冠词，零冠词冠词的位置：1、不定冠词的位置A）若遇上such,what,many,half等词，不定冠词位于其后，如：He is not such a fool as he looks.He p

5、ublished many a novel.B)若修饰名词的形容词受as,so,too,how,however,enough等副词的修饰，则不定冠词放在形容词之后，如：She is as good a cook as her mother.It is too difficult a test for us beginners.He didnt kown how great a mistake he had made.C)quite,rather与单数名词连用，冠词位于其后，但若rather,quite前有形容词修饰，则不定冠词置于前后均可，如：,It was rather a disaster

6、.He is rather an unplearant person.=He is a rather unpleasant person.,2,定冠词的位置通常位于名词或名词修饰语之前，但若遇上all,both,double,half,twice,three times等词的时候，定冠词置于其中。如：All the invitations must be sent out today.They are twice the size of eggs.I bought double the amout of milk.不定冠词的用法A）表示泛指或类别即泛指某类人或物中的任何一个，或笼统指某类中的某

7、一个，但又不具体说哪一个。如：,A plane is a machine that can fly.,B）表示数量一C）表示序数的增加，即用于序数前表示序数的递增。Soon we saw a second plane.Then a third and a forth.D)用于不可数名词前，使得其具体化A coffee,please.It is a pleasure to talk with you.A Mr Smith wants to see you.F）用于动作名词前，表示“一次”“一番”等意，如I must have a wish first.He agreed to give it a

8、 try.G）其他用法，用于most前表“很，非常”；用于本身不带冠词但由于受形容词修饰而带冠词的情形，如She is a most mysterious person.He left after a quick breakfast.,定冠词的用法,A）表示特指或确指，B)表示类别或整体，强调整体，而不定冠词表类别则强调的是个体。the rich the poor the oldC)用于专有名词前D）其他用法，如用于最高级前，用于独一无二的事物前，用于方向等等,零冠词的用法,A）用于物质名词、抽象名词、专有名词、复数名词前，表示泛指或一般概念，如：Man can not live with o

9、ut water.Mr Smith is eager for success.Teachers should be kind to students.B)用于普通的单数可数名词前，如用作呼语是、表示家庭成员时、用于表示“变成”的连系动词turn,go之后做表语时、用于倒装时的让步状语从句中时等。如：It is serious,doctor?He was a taxi driver before he turned writer.Teacher though he is,he cant kown everything.,C)用于抽象化的可数名词前,The man was more animal

10、than man.Are you man enough for this dangerous job?D)用于节假日、星期、月份、季节等名词前。National Day is coming.Today is Monday.F)用于球类运动、三餐、语言等名词前。(若特指时则可用冠词）He hurt his leg while playing football.Breakfast is on form 8 to 10.It is not easy to learn English very well.G）用于某些由介词by构成的方式状语中。如：by bus(bike,plane,ship,etc)

11、by phone(post,letter,radio)H)用于正式或独一无二的头衔或职位前。如：Look,he is president.,i)用于某些习语make ues of keep in touch within order to take place注：1，不要遗漏单数可数名词前必用冠词，在通常情况下，单数可数名词前应有冠词，泛指，用不定冠词；特指，用定冠词。2，用不同放入冠词有时会导致不同的含义,习题,1、I keep medicines on the top shelf,out of the childrens _A,reach B,hand C,hold D,place2、Il

12、l look into the matter as soon as possble.Just have a little _A,wait B,time C,patience D,rest3、We all know that _speak louder than words.A,movements B,performancesC,operations D,actions,4,For a long time they walked without saying_word.Jim was the first to break _silence.A,the;a B,a;the C,a;/D,the;/

13、When you finish reading this book,you will have _better understanding of _life.A,a;the B,the;a C,/;the D,a;/Our neighbor has _ours.A,as a big house as B,as big a house asC,the same big house asD,a house the same big as,第三章 代词,代词是代替名词以及相当语名词短语或句子的词，可分为人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、反身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、连接代词、关系代词、不定代词。1）人称

14、代词A）主格（I,you,he,she,we,they等)和宾格（me,you,him,her,them等),原则上主格用作主语，宾格用作宾语。如：If I were her,I would leave.注：单独使用的人称代词通常用宾格。如：“I want to leave.”“Me too.”“Who did this?”“Me.”B)人称代词的排列顺序。对于单数人称代词，其排列通常为“二、三、一”即you,he and me.而对于复数人称代词，则其排列通常为“一、二、三”即we,you and they.如：You,he and I are all senior students.We,

15、you and they should all help each other.注：但要表示承认错误时，通常要把第一人称摆在前面。It is I and Jack who are to blame.,C）人称代词的指代问题,指代人的不定代词anybody,everybody,nobody,anyone,someone,everyone,no one可用单数he,him或复数they,them;而指代事的不定代词something,nothing,anything,everything等则只能用单数it.如：Nobody saw it,did he?指代动物常用it 或they,有时也用he或t

16、hey，以示亲切。如：Give the cat some food.He is hungry.指代车、船、国家等，可用it，若表示感情色彩则用she.如：England has done what she promised to do.代词we,you,they有时可用于泛指一般人。如：They dont allow us to smoke here.,2)物质代词,A）名词性物主代词(mine,yours,his,hers,its,ours,yours,theirs)与形容词性物主代词（my,your,his,her,its,our,their)。形容词性物主代词在句中只能做定语；名词性物主代词则不能用作定语，但可以用作主语、宾语、表语、连用of作定语等。如：Our office is larger than yours.Your parents are rich,and so are his.B)形容词性物主代词与own连用，表示“自己的”或“亲自”。如：The machine is his own invention.I saw it with my own eyes.C)不要混