牛津版高中英语语法非谓语动词.docx

1、牛津版高中英语语法非谓语动词非谓语动词【知识点归纳】I.概述1.基本形式的变化：不定式：时态主动态被动态一般式to doto be done进行式to be doing完成式to have builtto have been builtJohn said that he had run in order to catch the bus. （一般式的主动态）He hated to be misunderstood by others. (一般式的被动态)He pretended to be listening attentively. (进行式)He intended to have told

2、 you that. (完成式主动态)This work of art seemed to have been created several centuries ago. (完成式的被动态)v-ing形式：时态主动态被 动 态一般式doingbeing done完成式having donehaving been done注意：不及物动词没有被动式动名词I am sure of his coming in time. (一般式主动态) （= I am sure that he will come in time）He is proud of being selected as monitor.

3、 (一般式被动态) （= He is proud that he is selected as monitor.）Im confident of his having passed the exam. (完成式主动态)（= I am confident that he have passed the exam.）He complained of having been cheated by others. (完成式被动态)现在分词He sat in a chair, reading a novel. (一般式主动态)Being exhausted by work, he fell asleep

4、 quickly. (一般式被动态)Having finished his homework, he went playing. (完成式主动态)All this having been settled, he went home. (完成式被动态)2.所做成分项目/成分主语表语宾语宾补定语状语动词的ing形式现在分词动名词不定式过去分词注：现在分词、不定式、过去分词都可以作独立成分。II.基本知识1.动词不定式在句中充当的成分作主语。To see once is better than to hear a hundred times.To make money is not the only

5、 purpose of our life.赚钱不是我们生活的唯一目的在很多情况下，常用it 来充当动词不定式的形式主语。It is important for us to learn English very well.对我们来说学好英语是非常重要的。作动词的宾语，常用在以下动词后：help，hope，ask，refuse，decide，promise，wish，pretend，expect，arrange，learn，plan，demand，dare，manage，agree，prepare，fail，determine，offer，choose，desire，elect，long，(hap

6、pen，seem) He managed to pass the exam.他成功地通过了考试。He promised to be here at nine.他答应9点钟到这儿。I didnt expect to see you here.我没有料到在这儿见到你。在某些复合宾语中，用it做形式宾语，而把不定式放到后面去。He considered it better to leave now.他认为最好现在就离开。I found it impossible to finish the work on time.我发现准时完成这项工作是不可能的。作定语（常置于名词之后）。由only, last,

7、 next 序数词或形容词最高级修饰的名词常用不定式做定语; 不定式还可用作名词代词的宾语 (ability, anything, attempt, chance, curiosity, desire, decision, determination, effort, failure, intention, need, nothing, opportunity, place, plan, promise, reason, right, something)She is always the first student to arrive at school.He is always the l

8、ast one to leave the office.他总是最后一个离开办公室。I dont think he is the best man to do the job.我想他不是做这项工作的最佳人选。I have no desire to travel.Youll find something to interest you here.注：动词不定式to后所接动词若是不及物动词，而不定式与其修饰的动词之间有动宾关系，这个不定式后就应有必要的介词。I havent decided which hotel to stay at.I found no one to play with.作状语I

9、 walked slowly on the ice in order not to fall down.（不至于跌倒） (表目的)They lifted a rock only to drop it on their own feet. (表结果)He tried only to fail.（结果没有成功） She was happy to hear the news. (表原因)不定式常用于修饰下列形容词：able, afraid, angry, anxious, apt, careful, careless, certain, clever, considerate, delighted,

10、 difficult, eager, easy, fit, frightened , happy, interesting, likely, lucky, quick, ready, reluctant , right, sorry, surprised, sure, thoughtful, thoughtless, unable, unwilling, wrong etc.French is difficult to learn. 法语难学。Im sorry to interrupt you, but I have to.作独立副词成分。To speak frankly, I dont li

11、ke your attitude.与疑问词连用。疑问代词who, what, which和疑问副词when, where, how等后加动词不定式，构成不定式短语，可在句子中作主语、宾语、表语等成分。When to start has not been decided.什么时候出发还没有定。The problem is how to get there on time.问题是怎样才能准时到达哪儿。注意：在有些动词后常用疑问词 + 动词不定式的结构。这类动词有：know, ask, tell, show, wonder, consider, understand, learn, instruct

12、, guess, see, explain, discover, imagine, think, hear 等。He didnt know what to do next.I havent decided whether to go to Japan.我没有决定是否到日本去。不定式的复合结构由for + 名词或代词 + 动词不定式构成的复合结构在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、状语等。It is necessary for you to finish the work before Friday.你们有必要在星期五前做完这项工作。His idea is for us to travel in dif

13、ferent cars.他的主意是让我们乘不同的车去旅游。由of 引出的不定式复合结构，经常与以下形容词连用：brave, careless, clever, courageous, foolish, good, honest, kind, nice, rash, right, rude, stupid, silly, thoughtful, thoughtless, wrong, wise等。Its kind of you to say so.Its brave of you to go into the burning building to save the baby!你真勇敢，冲进着火

14、的大楼里救这个婴儿不带to 的动词不定式在有些使役动词及感官动词后可用省略to的动词不定式，如let, make, have, hear, see, feel, smell,hear, watch等。The teacher often makes me rewrite the composition.老师常常让我把作文重写。将该句转换成被动语态：I am often made by the teacher to rewrite the composition.I heard her say that she was fed up.在下列结构后常用不带to的动词不定式：had better, w

15、ould rather, can not but, cannot help but, do nothing but等。Id better go now, or Ill miss the train.They can not but accept his advice.我只好接受他的建议。在except, but 之前有动词do作实义动词，则except, but 后一般接不带to的动词不定式，反之则接带to的动词不定式。We have no choice but to wait.我们除了等待别无选择（我们只好等待）。There is no choice but to go there.Ther

16、e is nothing to do but to (to 可省略) read a book.在why, why not结构中，紧接其后的动词不定式不带toWhy argue with him?Why not send those books back?为什么不把那些书送回去？2.动名词在句中充当的成分作主语Asking for help is sometimes necessary. 请求帮助有时是必要的。Eating too much is not good for your health.吃得太多对你的健康不利。Teaching offers something besides mone

17、y and power.作补语、表语Seeing is believing.We call such an act cheating.我们称这样的行为为作弊/欺骗行为。作以下及物动词及词组的的宾语建议冒险去献身：advise, suggest, risk, devote oneself to忍受期待不停顿：bear/stand(忍受), look forward to, stop放弃延期悔失去：give up, delay, put off, regret, miss坚持欣赏（想）要（实）践（完）成：keep (on)/insist on/stick to, enjoy/appreciate,

18、 feel like, practice, finish注意原谅避反对：pay attention to, excuse, escape, avoid, object to考虑要求不自禁：consider, require, cannot help允许习惯不介意：forbid; permit, be/get used to/be accustomed to, mind值得开始想动名：be worth, set about, imagineThe mother did agree to let the boy risk swimming across the river.冒险游过河His wif

19、e doesnt allow smoking inside the room but allows him to smoke outside the room.他的妻子不允许在室内抽烟，但是允许他在室外抽。All of them insisted on my staying with them a few days longer.他们所有的人都坚持要我再跟他们多呆几天时间。Im looking forward to hearing from you soon.Being ill for a few days, she doesnt feel like eating anything.不想吃任何

20、东西另在want, need, require等动词后，常用动名词的主动形式表示被动的意思（主语与动名词之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系）。My hair needs cutting. (= My hair needs to be cut.)作定语它与被修饰词之间没有逻辑上的主谓关系，通常只表示用途或与所修饰的名词有关的动作。The factory built a swimming pool last year.游泳池Our teacher uses a very good teaching method.教学方法作同位语His hobby, making model airplanes, is ve

21、ry interesting.注意：动名词的复合结构动名词的复合结构由物主代词或名词所有格 + 动名词构成。如果不是在句子开头，这种结构常可以由名词的普通格或人称代词宾格 +动名词构成， 在句中可作主语、宾语等。例如：Do you mind my closing the door? Do you mind me closing the door?My closing the door made him angry.I cant stand Lao Changs talking like that about other comrades.动名词的某些固定结构It is + no use, no

22、 good(fun, a great pleasure, a waste of time, a bore.)等名词+doing sth.It is no use crying.哭没有用。It is no good objecting.反对也没有用。It is a waste of time trying to explain设法解释是浪费时间。It is + useless doing sthIt is useless speaking.光说没用。There is no + v-ing “是不可能的”。There is no knowing how old she is.(= I t is i

23、mpossible to know how old she is.)There is no telling where shes gone.(= It is impossible / difficult to know where shes gone.)make a point of + doing “认为是必要的”Our family make a point of going to church every Sunday.(= Our family make it a rule to go to church every Sunday.)be on the point of + doing

24、 “濒临，将要”He was on the point of leaving.on (upon) + doing “一就”On hearing the news, I changed my plans.(= As soon as I heard the news, I changed my plans.)go + doing (大部分指运动和游戏)He went shopping / hiking / swimming / fishing etc.动名词短语常用在以下结构中have difficulty (in) + doing sth have trouble (in) + doing st

25、hhave fun (in) + doing sth/ have a good time (in) + doing sth/have a hard time (in) + doing sthfeel like + 名词“想要”=would like to +原形动词Do you feel like going to a movie?你想看电影吗?I dont feel like reading tonight今晚我不想读书。3.分词在句中充当的成分作定语。作定语的分词如果是单个分词，放在所修饰的名词前；如果是分词短语则放在所修饰的名词后面。在用作定语时，分词在意思上接近一个定语从句。The b

26、oring snow made the bored boys go home. (= The snow was boring, so the boys wee bored and went home.)China is a developing socialist country.发展中的社会主义国家The man writing the obituary (讣告) is my friend. (= The man who is writing the obituary is my friend.)The broken glass scattered on the ground.破杯注：现在分

27、词与过去分词都可作定语，但现在分词表达的是正在进行的事情，有主动意义；而过去分词表示的是已完成的事情，有被动意义。作表语、宾语补足语。能带分词作宾补的动词常见的有see, hear, keep, find, notice, watch, think, want, smell, observe等。The story is boring.I found him reading a novel. 在读小说(现在分词作宾语补足语)I found him surrounded by a group of children.一群孩子包围着 (过去分词作宾语补足语)作状语。分词作状语可以表示时间,原因, 条

28、件,结果,伴随情况。Having read all the required papers, he answered the questions fluently.（时间）Being short of money, I decided to apply for the work.（原因）Seriously injured, Allen was rushed to the hospital.（原因）If going there by plane, well have to pay twice as much.（条件）Unless asked to answer questions, the pu

29、pils were not supposed to talk in Mrs Smiths class.（条件）The farmer useda new insecticide, thus raising the average yield by 15%.（结果）He sat in a rocking chair, watching TV.（伴随）注意：分词的特殊结构独立主格有时分词的逻辑主语与主句主语不一致，这时分词须带上自身的主语，这种结构称为独立主格结构。这种结构在句中多作伴随状语。亦可用来表示时间、原因、条件等。That being the case, wed better make s

30、ome changes in the plan.Weather permitting, we will go out. = if weather permitsThe teacher having finished the lesson, the students left the classroom. “with或without + 名词或代词 + 分词”的复合结构常用作补充说明或表示伴随情况。例如：He fell asleep with the lamp burning.某些固定结构generally / frankly speaking ,judging from / by 中，分词的逻

31、辑主语与句子的主语不一致，这种结构只限于为数很少的几个动词。Judging by his dress, he comes from a wealthy family.从他的衣着判断Frankly speaking, I dont like him at all.坦率地说catch+宾语+doingI caught them stealing my apples我抓住他们偷我的苹果。If she catches me reading her diary，shell be furious.如果她抓住我偷看她的日记，她会愤怒的注：有些现在分词可以作介词用：如concerning, considering, regarding, respecting等。Consid