LSAT阅读0912.docx

1、LSAT阅读0912ALSAT第09套 SECTION IIITime 35 minutes 26 QuestionsDirections: Each passage in this section is followed by a group of questions to be answered on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage. For some of the questions, more than one of the choices could conceivably answer the questi

2、on. However, you are to choose the best answer, that is, the response that most accurately and completely answers the question, and blacken the corresponding space on your answer sheet.After thirty years of investigation into cell genetics, researchers made startling discoveries in the 1960s and ear

3、ly 1970s which culminated in the development of processes, collectively known as recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid (rDNA) technology, for the active manipulation of a cells genetic code. The technology has created excitement and controversy because it involves altering DNAwhich contains the building

4、 blocks of the genetic code.Using rDNA technology, scientists can transfer a portion of the DNA from one organism to a single living cell of another. The scientist chemically “snips” the DNA chain of the host cell at a predetermined point and attaches another piece of DNA from a donor cell at that p

5、lace, creating a completely new organism.Proponents of rDNA research and development claim that it will allow scientists to find cures for disease and to better understand how genetic information controls an organisms development. They also see many other potentially practical benefits, especially i

6、n the pharmaceutical industry. Some corporations employing the new technology even claim that by the end of the century all major diseases will be treated with drugs derived from microorganisms created through rDNA technology. Pharmaceutical products already developed, but not yet marketed, indicate

7、 that these predictions may be realized.Proponents also cite nonmedical applications for this technology. Energy production and waste disposal may benefit: genetically altered organisms could convert sewage and other organic material into methane fuel. Agriculture might also take advantage of rDNA t

8、echnology to produce new varieties of crops that resist foul weather, pests, and the effects of poor soil.A major concern of the critics of rDNA research is that genetically altered microorganisms might escape from the laboratory. Because these microorganisms are laboratory creations that, in all pr

9、obability (in all probability: adv.很可能), do not occur in nature, their interaction with the natural world cannot be predicted with certainty. It is possible that they could cause previously unknown, perhaps incurable diseases. The effect of genetically altered microorganisms on the worlds microbiolo

10、gical predator-prey relationships is another potentially serious problem pointed out by the opponents of rDNA research. Introducing a new species may disrupt or even destroy the existing ecosystem. The collapse of interdependent relationships among species, extrapolated to its extreme, could eventua

11、lly result in the destruction of humanity.Opponents of rDNA technology also cite ethical problems with it. For example, it gives scientists the power to instantly cross evolutionary and species boundaries that nature took millennia to establish. The implications of such power would become particular

12、ly profound if genetic engineers were to tinker with human genes, a practice that would bring us one step closer to Aldous Huxleys grim vision in Brave New World of a totalitarian society that engineers (策划，操纵) human beings to fulfill specific roles.1. In the passage, the author is primarily concern

13、ed with doing which one of the following?(A) explaining the process and applications of rDNA technology(B) advocating continued rDNA research and development(C) providing evidence indicating the need for regulation of rDNA research and development(D) summarizing the controversy surrounding rDNA rese

14、arch and development（D）(E) arguing that the environmental risks of rDNA technology may outweigh its medical benefits2. According to the passage, which one of the following is an accurate statement about research into the genetic code of cells?(A) It led to the development of processes for the manipu

15、lation of DNA.(B) It was initiated by the discovery of rDNA technology.(C) It led to the use of new treatments for major diseases.(D) It was universally heralded as a great benefit to humanity.（A）(E) It was motivated by a desire to create new organisms.3. The potential benefits of rDNA technology re

16、ferred to in the passage include all of the following EXCEPT(A) new methods of waste treatment(B) new biological knowledge(C) enhanced food production(D) development of less expensive drugs（D）(E) increased energy production4. Which one of the following, if true, would most weaken an argument of oppo

17、nents of rDNA technology?(A) New safety procedures developed by rDNA researchers make it impossible for genetically altered microorganisms to escape from laboratories.(B) A genetically altered microorganism accidentally released from a laboratory is successfully contained.(C) A particular rDNA-engin

18、eered microorganism introduced into an ecosystem attracts predators that keep its population down.(D) Genetically altered organisms designed to process sewage into methane cannot survive outside the waste treatment plant.（A）(E) A specific hereditary disease that has plagued humankind for generations

19、 is successfully eradicated.5. The authors reference in the last sentence of the passage to a society that engineers human beings to fulfill specific roles serves to(A) emphasize the potential medical dangers of rDNA technology(B) advocate research on the use of rDNA technology in human genetics(C)

20、warn of the possible disasters that could result from upsetting the balance of nature(D) present Brave New World as an example of a work of fiction that accurately predicted technological developments（E）(E) illustrate the sociopolitical ramifications of applying genetic engineering to humans6. Which

21、 one of the following, if true, would most strengthen an argument of the opponents of rDNA technology?(A) Agricultural products developed through rDNA technology are no more attractive to consumers than are traditional crops.(B) Genetically altered microorganisms have no natural predators but can pr

22、ey on a wide variety of other microorganisms.(C) Drugs produced using rDNA technology cost more to manufacture than drugs produced with traditional technologies.(D) Ecosystems are impermanent systems that are often liable to collapse, and occasionally do so.（B）(E) Genetically altered microorganisms

23、generally cannot survive for more than a few hours in the natural environment.Gray marketing, the selling of trademarked products through channels of distribution not authorized by the trademark holder, can involve distribution of goods either within a market region or across market boundaries. Gray

24、 marketing within a market region (“channel flow diversion”) occurs when manufacturer-authorized distributors sell trademarked goods to unauthorized distributors who then sell the goods to consumers within the same region. For example, quantity discounts from manufacturers may motivate authorized de

25、alers to enter the gray market because they can purchase larger quantities of a product than they themselves intend to stock if they can sell the extra units through gray marketing channels.When gray marketing occurs across market boundaries, it is typically in an international setting and may be ca

26、lled “parallel importing.” Manufacturers often produce and sell products in more than one country and establish a network of authorized dealers in each country. Parallel importing occurs when trademarked goods intended for one country are diverted from proper channels (channel flow diversion) and th

27、en exported to unauthorized distributors in another country.Trademark owners justifiably argue against (argue against: 反对) gray marketing practices since such practices clearly jeopardize the goodwill established by trademark owners: consumers who purchase trademarked goods in the gray market do not

28、 get the same “extended product,” which typically includes pre- and postsale service. Equally important, authorized distributors may cease to promote the product if it becomes available for much lower prices through unauthorized channels.Current debate over regulation of gray marketing focuses on th

29、ree disparate theories in trademark law that have been variously and confusingly applied to parallel importation cases: universality, exhaustion, and territoriality. The theory of universality holds that a trademark is only an indication of the source or origin of the product. This theory does not r

30、ecognize the goodwill functions of a trademark. When the courts apply this theory, gray marketing practices are allowed to continue because the origin of the product remains the same regardless of the specific route of the product through the channel of distribution. The exhaustion theory holds that

31、 a trademark owner relinquishes all rights once a product has been sold. When this theory is applied, gray marketing practices are allowed to continue because the trademark owners rights cease as soon as their products are sold to a distributor. The theory of territoriality holds that a trademark is

32、 effective in the country in which it is registered. Under the theory of territoriality, trademark owners can stop gray marketing practices in the registering countries on products bearing their trademarks. Since only the territoriality theory affords trademark owners any real legal protection against gray marketing practices, I believe it is inevitable as well as desirable that it will come to be consistently applied in gray marketing cases.7. Which one of the following best expresses the main point of the passage?(A) Gray marketing is unfair to trademark owners and should be legally