初高中衔接教程.docx

1、初高中衔接教程Chapter 1 English Sounds一、英语国际音标：元音共20个，其中单元音12个（分前元音、中元音、后元音），双元音8个（分合口双元音和集中双元音。）辅音共28个，清浊成对的音有20个。发清辅音时，声带不振动，发浊辅音和元音时声带振动，因而读得响亮。要求发音准确，并注意音标的书写不同于字母的书写。Exercise 1. Fill in the table with International Phonetic symbols for English根据表中提示填写英语国际音标:元音单元音前 元 音中 元 音后 元 音双元音合 口 双 元 音集 中 双 元 音辅音种

2、类双唇爆破音舌尖齿龈爆破音舌后软颚爆破音唇齿摩擦音舌尖齿龈摩擦音舌尖齿背摩擦音舌尖齿龈后部摩擦音舌尖齿龈后部破擦音舌端齿龈后部破擦音舌端齿龈破擦音双唇鼻辅音舌端齿龈鼻辅音舌后软颚鼻辅音声门摩擦音舌端齿龈后部摩擦音边舌音舌前硬颚浊辅音舌后软颚圆唇音清浊二、音节和音节的划分：（1）单音节由一个元音（或再加上前后的辅音）构成。如：I ai；my mai；Mikemaik（2）双音节由两个元音（或再加上前后的辅音）构成。如：hour -；answer-（3）多音节由三个或三个以上的音节构成。如：exercise -（4）爆破辅音、摩擦音与边辅音、鼻辅音组成的无元音字母的音节发音也较响亮，可以自成音节，

3、叫做成音节。常见的成音节有-, -, -, -，-, -, -，-, -, -, -，-, -。如：ta-ble-; cou-ple-; mid-dle-; lit-tle-; ca-stle-; ri-fle-; tra-vel-; li-sten-; do-zen-; se-ven-; cot-ton-; sud-den-等等。（5）开音节和闭音节：元音字母后面没有辅音字母时，为绝对开音节；“元音字母辅音字母（r除外）默音e”结构为相对开音节；元音字母后面有辅音字母（发音）时为闭音节。如：I、no绝对开音节；notet相对开音节；not、desk、on闭音节（6）两个音节之间只有一个辅音字

4、母（r除外），如前面的是开音节，该辅音字母属于后面；如前面是闭音节，该辅音字母属于前面。如：me-ter米，公尺；la-ter以后；stu-dent学生；stud-y学习（7）两个音节间有两个辅音字母（r除外），则分别属于前后两个音节。如：prac-tice -实践；num-ber-数字（8）两个音节相邻处是rr时，一个r属于前面，另一个r属于后面，前边按重读闭音节规律发音。如：marry结婚；相邻处如果是“元音字母r其他辅音字母”时，r属于前面，按重读-r音节规律发音。如：farther较远的；相邻处是“元音字母r元音字母”时，r属于前面。如：during在期间（9）辅音字母组合不能分开，必

5、须划在一个音节内。如：neigh-bour-邻居；fa-ther-父亲（10）书写移行规则：要按音节移，连字符“-”位于行末（如picture）；单个字母的音节不能单独留在上行末（如unit）或单独移至下行首（如city）；有连字符的在连字符处断开（如picture-book）：上行：pic-u-cit-picture-下行：turenitybook正确错误错误正确Exercise 2Divide the following words into syllables给下列单词划分音节：Model: researchre|search; someonesome|onehonest loyal h

6、andsome argue solutionclassical mirror hammer compass survivedeserted feeling airplane parachute adventureformal error bathroom towel landladypronounce repeat majority tongue governmentsituation international organization communicate independent三、重读和轻读：一个词读得最强的部分叫做重音，在英语中每一个双音节及多音节词都有一个读得特别响亮的音节，叫做重

7、读音节。不强的部分叫做轻音。多音节词可以有程度不等的重音，介于强弱之间的音叫做次重音。“”为重音符号，表示重读音节；“”为次重音符号，表示次重读音节；轻读音节不作记号。英语单词的重读一般规律如下：1、单音节词的重音：单音节词单独念时都要重读。单音节词本身就是重读音节，所以无须标出重音符号。如：he, good, learn。2、双音节词的重音：双音节词一般都是在第一个音节上重读。如：letter-，study-，sister-，morning-。例外的情况：1）重音在第二个音节上a) 带有词头a-, be-, de-, re-, ad-, ap-, con-, dis-, in-, ex-等的

8、词一般重音在第二个音节上。如：a- about，away，academy，agreement，announcement，attractive，award，amount，acceptad- advance，advice，address，adventure，adaptap- appear，apply，appointment，apologizebe- begin，before，believe，because，behavecon- consist，concern，consider，continue，containde- decide，defend，deceive，depend，defeat，degre

9、e，deserted，desire，dessert，determine，devotedis- discuss，displease，disabled，disagreeex- explain，expose，except，exchange，excitement，exhibition，experience，expressin- include，indeed，independent，intelligence，international，interrupt，introducere- report，research，resource，rebuild，replace，repeat，remind，represe

10、nt，respond，restoreb) 含有后缀-self和-selves的复合词。如：myself，himself，yourselves, themselves。2）有些双音节词两个音节都重读。a) 中国地名。如：Beijing，Shanghaib) 以前缀re- (再、重新)构成的双音节词。如：rewrite，retellc) 一些复合词。如：inside，upstairsd) 数词1319。如：thirteen，nineteen3、多音节词的重音：1）多音节词的重音一般落在倒数第三个音节上。有五个音节以上的词则从重读音节数起（不算重读音节），倒数第二个音节为次重读音节。如：hospit

11、al-，experiment -，university-，possibility-，nationality-，opportunity-2）词尾有-ic、-tion或-sion的词，在该词尾前一个音节上重读。如：translation -；scientific-；decision-4、区别词类的重读：有些词虽然拼法相同，但往往由于重音不同而引起词性的变化。一般规律是，名词和形容词重音落在第一个音节上，动词重音落在第二个音节（词根）上。1）拼法相同，重音不同，词性不同。如：increase n.增加 v.增加perfect adj. 完美的 v. 使完美rebel adj. 反叛的 v. 反叛2）

12、拼法相同，重音不同，词性词义都不同。如：subject n. 学科 v.使隶属object n. 物体 v. 反对refuse n.垃圾 v.拒绝5、复合形容词的重读：复合形容词多由形容词+形容词、形容词+分词、副词、分词、副词+形容词构成。这些词通常保留两个重音。如：dark-blue，good-looking，over-busy6、复合词的重读与自由组合词的重读：自由组合的两个单词都重读，构成复合词写在一起后，就只有一个重音，而且词义完全不同。如：black board黑色的板子 blackboard黑板green house绿色的房子 greenhouse温室green room绿色的房

13、间 greenroom演员休息室blue bottle蓝色的瓶子 bluebottle 绿色大苍蝇Exercise 3. Mark the stress标出重音位置： spirit inventor frighten appearance graduation decorate idea behind generosity bamboo display underground excited man-made university download forever rewarding rebuild conversation 四、重读开音节和重读闭音节：由“（辅音字母+）元音字母+辅音字母+不

14、发音的e”组成的重读音节叫做相对开音节；由“（辅音字母+）元音字母”组成的重读音节叫做绝对开音节；由“（辅音字母+）元音字母+辅音字母”组成的重读音节叫做闭音节。元音字母在开音节中一般读字母音(“u”有时还可读作)，在重读闭音节中，“a”一般读作，“e”读作，“i”读作，“o”读作或，“u”读作，“y”读作。元音字母a, e, i, o, u, y（在辅音字母后面）在重读开音节中的读音规律见下表：元音字母读 音例 词aCanadian, native, patient, labour, salesman, translate, population, nature, liberation特殊a

15、ny, many; Mary, Parent, various, carry; water; haveefever, recycle, metre, Chinese, complete, even, evening, recently, scene, secret, eveisilence, design, provide, bicycle, library, exciting, quitegive, livemachine, magazine, police, techniqueorobot, lonely, program, only, clothes, October, socialis

16、t, motor, oceanmove, improve, whose, lose, proveabove, come, some, none, government, cover特殊woman; women; one, onceuruler, conclude, revolutionpupil, usually, stupid不发音guess, guard, guest, league特殊bury; busy; duringybye, Hyde, my, sky, why元音字母a, e, i, o, u在重读闭音节中的读音规律见下表：元音字母读 音例 词aan, at, back, cat

17、, fan, has, apple, carrot, factory, Japan, madam, manager, Saturdaydance, chance, example, rather, answer, basket, after, path, grasp, task, fast, past, glass, pass, cast, class, grass, master, advance, commandwant, what, watch, wash, quantity, quarrel, wander, wallet特殊mass; dangerousefresh, envelop

18、e, develop, respect, message, umbrella, sentence, president, televisioniprison, living, children, official, village, scientificbehind, blind, find, kind, wild, 例外：wind n. v.osolid, common, poverty, biology, probably, comrade, laboratory, long, lock, oppositemonth, thorough, dozen, government, wonder

19、ful, stomach, Londonboth, post, old, scold, hold, soldier, golduugly, struggle, interrupt, suddenly, construction, pulsesugar, full, pull, put, push元音字母在非重读音节中的读音规律见下表：aeoaeiyagainChinaEnglandmadamwomanAmericaAustraliabananaJapanesebrokenchildrendifferentlicenseopenproblemstudentoclockcarrotpoliceto

20、daywelcometomorroworangevillagebasketbecausebeginbusinesschickenelevenexcusehundredticketartistEnglishbuildingmusicofficevisitbusinessfamilyminibusanycitycountryearlyfactoryfiftyfriendlyheavyhungry元音字母组合在单词中的读音规律见下表：读音字母组合例 词 er, or, ou, our, ure轻读after, brother, cleaner, driver, exercise, flower, l

21、etter, number, ruler, forget, thorough, poisonous, curious, serious, labour, honour, neighbour, colour, figure, picture ear, er, ir, or, urearly, learn, search, heard, earth, her, hers, certainly, bird, first, girl, shirt, skirt, thirsty, third, work, worker, word, nurse, turn, Thursday, surface oa,

22、 ou, owboat, goat, coat, though, although, shoulder, soul, grow, know, row, throw, bowl oldold, cold, told, sold ighhigh, light, right ireadmire, tire ildchild, 但children indfind, kind ou, owabout, blouse, count, house, mouth, out, round, trousers, brown, down, how, now, flower, 特殊：knowledge al不在词首h

23、alf, calm ar/areare, arm, artist, car, far, farm, hard, garden, market, party eaheavy, bread, measure, ahead, weather, sweater, pleasure, meant, dealt, head, health, breakfast, sweater ai, ay, ei, eyagain, straight, train, away, day, may, play, say, stay, eight, eighteenth, eighty, hey, grey ay轻读Mon

24、day, weekday ea, ee, eo, iecheap, clean, each, easy, eat, leave, meal, meat, read, sea, tea, teach, team, feet, meet, sleep, week, wheel, people, believe, piece, 特殊：quiet ear, eer, ereear, clear, dear, hear, near, tear(泪水), year, pioneer, sneer, here outrouble, southern, touch, country, cousin, enou

25、gh, young al不在词首,au, oor, or, ore, ou, ourball, call, small, talk, tall, wall, daughter, door, floor, or, for, forty, morning, short, sport, before, ought, thought, four, your, yours, 特殊：cough al在词首almost, always, already, although, altogether, also, 特殊：all oi, oynoise, boy, toy oo, oulbook, cook, f

26、oot, good, look, football, goodness, could, would, should oo, oubroom, food, moon, soon, too, zoo, school, afternoon, noodle, youth, you, wound, through, route, group air, are, ear, ere, eirair, chair, hair, glare, hare, stare, pear, wear, tear(撕、扯), there, where, their, theirs特殊eaOceania , reality

27、, theatre , really , ocean , beautiful(不发音)辅音字母和字母组合在单词中的读音规律见下表：字母读音例 词字母读音例 词bback, table, bringw wash, would, swimc card, catch, closex taxi, excuse, expensive face, city, certainlyy yeah, year, yo-yod day, bread, handz zero, zoo, sizef far, often, fridgech catch, French, eachg get, glass, greatc

28、k back, chicken, quick bridge, orange, vegetabledr draw, children, hundredh hat, hear, highds cards, hands, friendsj job, juice, jumpgh bright, high, daughterk kilo, kind, weekkn knife, knowl lake, learn, lot ng() sing, shopping, dumpling, English bottle, full, mealph phone, photom match, meat, teamsh short, shop, fishnnurse, fun, turnth thirsty, throw, Thursdayp place, open, helpful brother, other, withq quick, question, quiettr train, travel, treer