论文中常用词汇和短语.docx

1、论文中常用词汇和短语英语论文中常用词汇和短语 差别gaps between, differentiate between, discrepancies，no intergroup differenceNo statistically significant differences in survival were found for MMC or MPMA.AlthoughMMC and MPMA decreased with increasing nuclear grade and TNM stage,this difference failed to achieve statistical

2、 significance.存在，出现occurred, occurrence ,existed, existence, presence, present多数，少数the overwhelming majority of, in the majority of cases ，a marked majority, handful方法approaches, avenues, methods, techniques, means, tools发生率Incidence, frequency, prevalenceIn contrast with regions of high incidence,

3、the mutation spectrum did not show a high prevalence of mutations at A:T base pairs.发现，阐明，报道，证实verify, confirm, elucidate, identify, define, characterize,clarify, establish, ascertain, explain, observe, illuminate,illustrate，demonstrate, show, indicate, exhibit, presented, reveal,display, manifest，s

4、uggest, propose, estimate, prove, imply,disclose，report, describe，facilitate the identification of ，screening，isolation改变change, alteration,高，增加high, enhanced, elevated, increased, forced各种，多种in multiple types of neoplasia, in various types of apoptosis, in a variety of tumors关系，相关，参与closely involve

5、d in, associated,广泛的in an extensive survey进行conducte， perform, carry out,降，少，缺decrease, reduction, reduced, diminish, loss, suppression,deficient, low, weak, faint, light, absence, absent, undetectable, lack,defective, negative,poor,impaired, greatly reduced or completelyabsent, frequently lost or d

6、own-expressed, presented discontinuous andweaker expression, completely negative, was not detectable ordramatically reduced, very faint, was undetectable or barelydetectable, no expression was found,角色，起作用role, part （limited, potential, early, possible role），serve antiapoptotic functions可能性feasibili

7、ty密切地intimately难理解的，似谜的enigmatic (x remains enigmatic)潜在假定的potential, candidate, putative,缩写abbreviations识别，辨别discernment事件Metastasis to the liver is a common event in clinical oncology.a putative tumor initiating eventa (more, extremely, highly, rather, fairly) common initial,a common event in the

8、signal transduction mechanisms of, in the signal transduction processesa common event associated with the mechanisms ofa common early event in responses of, after high-dose chemotherapya common event following gestational exposure to immunotoxicantsa common event （that occurs） during apoptosis isaco

9、mmon event during oncogenic transformation, in neoplastictransformation that directly or indirectly involves activation ofspecific tyrosine kinase signaling pathwaysa common event through whicha common event in vivoa rather common event of unknown biological significancea common event resulting from

10、 heterogeneous aberrationsa common event regardless of histological subtyping, but does not bear any pejorative significancea common event contributing toarare, common, prerequisite, central, major, transient, initiation,stressful, critical, crucial, secondary, independent, regulatory,early, earlier

11、, late, later, subsequent, circumstantial, untoward,upstream, irreversible, very frequent event提供，帮助provide, supply, help (to), contribute to, offer, allow, dedicate, devote, assist in调节（失调，上调，下调）dis-regulation, dys-regulation, up-regulation, up-expression, over-expression, down-expression, down-reg

12、ulation,推测 presume,speculate ,confer, conjecture ,guess, deduce，deduction (推论)无所不在地(表达，如MEN1)ubiquitously显著,优先的prominent, pronounced, obvious, marked, predominant, strong,striking ,notable, Conspicuously, remarkably，significant, preferential,prevalence, prevalent,相关性related, more relevant with ，the

13、relevance ofno intergroup difference，irrespective ofThere was no significant correlation to gender, age, clinical symptoms, histology, T or N status, TNM stage, or tumor location.Neither eNOS nor nNOS expression was associated with vascular density, tumor grade or the TNM status of the tumors.No cor

14、relations were found between bFGF and age, menopausal status, TNM or pTNM, histology, SBR grading or steroid receptors.wedid not find any correlation between bax expression and anyclinicopathologic parameters (sex, age, TNM status, tumor grade,histological type).相同，同等并列The coordinated induction of a

15、ll three FOXO3a targets prompted us to examine the status of FOXO3a itselfwith a similar pattern to协同，加强synergize with研究analysis, survey, study, research, investigation, experiments, trial,observations, assessment, inquiry, examinations ,pursue investigationinto, analyze, detect, determinate, be foc

16、used on, measure, examine,test, assess, evaluate, explore,一致which is in accord with the resultswhich corroborated the resultswhich supported the results优缺点merits and drawbacks，beneficial and detrimental异常aberration, abnormality重要crucial, key, important, major, be of critical importance相反On the contr

17、ary,In contrary,but quite on the contraryin sharp contrast,contrary to what would be expectedContrary to the expectation thatContrary to previous beliefs,Contrary to the hypothesis,Contrary to current popular truismsContrary to current cognitive theories,However, contrary to expectation,.Contrary to

18、 predictions,in contrast to previous observationsContrary to prediction,Contrary to most previous claims,与一起in combination with, coupled with由于、鉴于In light ofIn view that常用翻译技巧转自译天下 英汉两种语言在句法、词汇、修辞等方面均存在着很大的差异，因此在进行英汉互译时必然会遇到很多困难，需要有一定的翻译技巧作指导。常用的翻译技巧有增译法、省译法、转换法、拆句法、合并法、正译法、反译法、倒置法、包孕法、插入法、重组法和综合法等。

19、这些技巧不但可以运用于笔译之中，也可以运用于口译过程中，而且应该用得更加熟练，因为口译工作的特点决定了译员没有更多的时间进行思考。1. 增译法：指根据英汉两种语言不同的思维方式、语言习惯和表达方式，在翻译时增添一些词、短句或句子，以便更准确地表达出原文所包含的意义。这种方式多半用在汉译英里。汉语无主句较多，而英语句子一般都要有主语，所以在翻译汉语无主句的时候，除了少数可用英语无主句、被动语态或There be结构来翻译以外，一般都要根据语境补出主语，使句子完整。英汉两种语言在名词、代词、连词、介词和冠词的使用方法上也存在很大差别。英语中代词使用频率较高，凡说到人的器官和归某人所有的或与某人有关

20、的事物时，必须在前面加上物主代词。因此，在汉译英时需要增补物主代词，而在英译汉时又需要根据情况适当地删减。英语词与词、词组与词组以及句子与句子的逻辑关系一般用连词来表示，而汉语则往往通过上下文和语序来表示这种关系。因此，在汉译英时常常需要增补连词。英语句子离不开介词和冠词。另外，在汉译英时还要注意增补一些原文中暗含而没有明言的词语和一些概括性、注释性的词语，以确保译文意思的完整。总之，通过增译，一是保证译文语法结构的完整，二是保证译文意思的明确。如：（1）What about calling him right away?马上给他打个电话，你觉得如何？ （增译主语和谓语）（2）If only

21、I could see the realization of the four modernizations.要是我能看到四个现代化实现该有多好啊！（增译主句）(3) Indeed, the reverse is true 实际情况恰好相反。（增译名词）(4) 就是法西斯国家本国的人民也被剥夺了*。Even the people in the fascist countries were stripped of their human rights.（增译物主代词）（5）只许州官放火，不许百姓点灯。While the magistrates were free to burn down hou

22、se, the common people were forbidden to light lamps. （增译连词）（6）这是我们两国人民的又一个共同点。This is yet another common point between the people of our two countries.（增译介词）（7）在*领域，中国反对以大欺小、以强凌弱。In the field of human rights, China opposes the practice of the big oppressing the small and the strong bullying the weak

23、.（增译暗含词语）（8）三个臭皮匠，合成一个诸葛亮。Three cobblers with their wits combined equal Zhuge Liang the mastermind.（增译注释性词语）2. 省译法：这是与增译法相对应的一种翻译方法，即删去不符合目标语思维习惯、语言习惯和表达方式的词，以避免译文累赘。增译法的例句反之即可。又如：（1）You will be staying in this hotel during your visit in Beijing.你在北京访问期间就住在这家饭店里。（省译物主代词）(2) I hope you will enjoy you

24、r stay here.希望您在这儿过得愉快。（省译物主代词）（3）中国政府历来重视环境保护工作。The Chinese government has always attached great importance to environmental protection. (省译名词)3. 转换法：指翻译过程中为了使译文符合目标语的表述方式、方法和习惯而对原句中的词类、句型和语态等进行转换。具体的说，就是在词性方面，把名词转换为代词、形容词、动词；把动词转换成名词、形容词、副词、介词；把形容词转换成副词和短语。在句子成分方面，把主语变成状语、定语、宾语、表语；把谓语变成主语、定语、表语；把定

25、语变成状语、主语；把宾语变成主语。在句型方面，把并列句变成复合句，把复合句变成并列句，把状语从句变成定语从句。在语态方面，可以把主动语态变为被动语态。如：(1) 我们学院受教委和市政府的双重领导。Our institute is co-administrated by the States Education Commission and the municipal government. (名词转动词)（2）Too much exposure to TV programs will do great harm to the eyesight of children.孩子们看电视过多会大大地损

26、坏视力。(名词转动词)（3）由于我们实行了改革开放政策，我国的综合国力有了明显的增强。Thanks to the introduction of our reform and opening policy, our comprehensive national strength has greatly improved. (动词转名词)(4) Im all for you opinion.我完全赞成你的意见。（介词转动词）（5）The reform and opening policy is supported by the whole Chinese people.改革开放政策受到了全中国人

27、民的拥护。（动词转名词）（6）In his article the author is critical of mans negligence toward his environment.作者在文章中，对人类疏忽自身环境作了批评。（形容词转名词）（7）In some of the European countries, the people are given the biggest social benefits such as medical insurance.在有些欧洲国家里，人民享受最广泛的社会福利，如医疗保险等。（被动语态转主动语态）（8）时间不早了，我们回去吧！We dont

28、have much time left. Lets go back. (句型转换)（9）学生们都应该德、智、体全面发展。All the students should develop morally, intellectually and physically. (名词转副词)4.拆句法和合并法：这是两种相对应的翻译方法。拆句法是把一个长而复杂的句子拆译成若干个较短、较简单的句子，通常用于英译汉；合并法是把若干个短句合并成一个长句，一般用于汉译英。汉语强调意合，结构较松散，因此简单句较多；英语强调形合，结构较严密，因此长句较多。所以汉译英时要根据需要注意利用连词、分词、介词、不定式、定语从句、

29、独立结构等把汉语短句连成长句；而英译汉时又常常要在原句的关系代词、关系副词、主谓连接处、并列或转折连接处、后续成分与主体的连接处，以及意群结束处将长句切断，译成汉语分句。这样就可以基本保留英语语序，顺译全句，顺应现代汉语长短句相替、单复句相间的句法修辞原则。如：(1) Increased cooperation with China is in the interests of the United States.同中国加强合作，符合美国的利益。 （在主谓连接处拆译）（2）I wish to thank you for the incomparable hospitality for whic

30、h the Chinese people are justly famous throughout the world.我要感谢你们无与伦比的盛情款待。中国人民正是以这种热情好客而闻明世界的。（在定语从句前拆译）（3）This is particularly true of the countries of the commonwealth, who see Britains membership of the Community a guarantee that the policies of the community will take their interests into acco

31、unt英联邦各国尤其如此，它们认为英国加入欧共体，将能保证欧共体的政策照顾到它们的利益。（在定语从句前拆译）（4）中国是个大国，百分之八十的人口从事农业，但耕地只占土地面积的十分之一，其余为山脉、森林、城镇和其他用地。China is a large country with four-fifths of the population engaged in agriculture, but only one tenth of the land is farmland, the rest being mountains, forests and places for urban and othe

32、r uses.（合译）5.正译法和反译法：这两种方法通常用于汉译英，偶尔也用于英译汉。所谓正译，是指把句子按照与汉语相同的语序或表达方式译成英语。所谓反译则是指把句子按照与汉语相反的语序或表达方式译成英语。正译与反译常常具有同义的效果，但反译往往更符合英语的思维方式和表达习惯。因此比较地道。如：（1） 在美国，人人都能买到枪。In the United States, everyone can buy a gun. (正译)In the United States, guns are available to everyone. (反译)（2） 你可以从因特网上获得这一信息。You can obtain this information on the Internet. （正译）This information is acc