云计算中英版.docx

1、云计算中英版姓名：孙维 班级：计科1102班 学号：2011013740The Cumulus Project: Build a Scientific Cloud for a Data Center Lizhe Wang, Jie Tao, Marcel Kunze, Dharminder Rattu Steinbuch Centre for Computing (SCC), Research Center Karlsruhe(FZK) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany Alvaro C

2、anales Castellanos Department of Computer Science, University Karlsruhe (TH) 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany AbstractCloud computing emerges as a new computing paradigm which aims to provide reliable, customized andQoS guar- anteed dynamic computing environments for end-users. This paper reviews our early

3、experience of Cloud computing based on the Cumulus project for data centers. In this paper, we introduce the Cumulus project with its various aspects, such as testbed, infrastructure, middleware and application models.1 Introduction Cloud computing currently emerges as a hot topic due to its abiliti

4、es to offer flexible dynamic IT infrastructures, QoS guaranteed computing environments and configurable software services. As reported in Google trends (Figure 1),Cloud computing (blue line), which is enabled by Virtualization technology (yellow line), has already outpaced Grid computing by far 8 (r

5、ed line). Numerous projects in industry and academia have already started, for example, the RESERVOIR project 31- an IBM and European Union joint research initiative for Cloud computing, Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud 21,IBMs Blue Cloud 17, scientific Cloud projects such as Nimbus 26 and Stratus 34, a

6、nd OpenNEbula 29. HP, Intel Corporation and Yahoo! Inc. recently announced. the creation of a global, multi-data center, open source Cloud computing test bed for industry,research and education 12, 23. In this paper we present the Cumulus Cloud computing project. The Cumulus project is intended to b

7、uilt a scientific cloud for data centers by merging existing Grid infrastructures with new Cloud technologies. This paper discusses the infrastructure, middleware and application models for the Cumulus project and is organized as follows. Section 2 discusses the definition of Cloud computing in term

8、s of concepts, characterization and enabling technologies. In Section 3 the Cumulus project is presented. Section 4 concludes the paper. 2 Cloud computing:Definition, characterization and enabling technologi es 2.1 Cloud computing, a recurrence of the history? Cloud Computing is becoming one of the

9、next IT industry buzz words: users move out their data and applications to remote “Cloud” and then access them in a simple and pervasive way. This is again a central processing use case. Similar scenario occurred around 50 years ago: time-sharing computing server served for multiple users. Until 20

10、years ago when personal computers came to us, data and programs were mostly again located in local resources. Certainly currently Cloud computing paradigm is not a recurrence of the history. 50 years ago we had to adopt the time-sharing server due to limited computing resource. Nowadays Cloud comput

11、ing comes into fashion due to the complex IT infrastructure. Users have to manage various software installation, configuration and update. Computing resource and other hardware are prone to be outdated. Therefore outsourcing computing platforms is a natural solution for users to handle complex IT in

12、frastructures. At the current stage, Cloud computing is still evolving and there exists no widely accepted definition. Based on our experience, we propose an early definition of Cloud computing as follows: A computing Cloud is a set of network enabled services, providing scalable, QoS guaranteed, no

13、rmally personalized, inexpensive computing platforms on demand, which could be accessed in a simple and pervasive way. 2.2 Functionalities Computing clouds render users with services to access hardware, software and data resources in transparent ways: HaaS: Hardware as a Service Hardware as a Servic

14、e was coined possibly in 2006. As the result of rapid advances in hardware virtualization, IT automation, and usage metering and pricing, users could buy IT hardware - or even an entire data center as a pay-as-you-go subscription service. The HaaS is exible, scalable and manageable to meet your need

15、s2. SaaS: Software as a Service Software or an application is hosted as a service and provided to customers across the Internet. This mode eliminates the need to install and run the application on the customers local computer. SaaS therefore alleviates the customers burden of software maintenance, a

16、nd reduces the expense of software purchases by on demand pricing. DaaS: Data as a Service Data in various formats and from various sources could be accessed via services by users on the network, in a transparent, logical or semantic way. Users could, for example, manipulate remote data just like op

17、erate on a local disk or access data in a semantic way in the Internet. Based on the support of HaaS, SaaS, and DaaS, Cloud computing in addition can deliver Platform as a Service(PaaS) for users. Users thus can on-demand subscribe to their favorite computing platforms with requirements of hardware

18、configuration, software installation and data access demands. Figure 2 shows the relationship between the services. 2.3 Key features Cloud computing distinguishes itself from other computing paradigms, like Grid computing 8, Global computing 7, Internet Computing 14 in the following aspects: User-ce

19、ntric interfaces Cloud services could be accessed with user-centric interfaces: The Cloud interfaces do not force users to change their working habits, e.g., programming language, compiler, or operating system. The Cloud client which is required to be installed locally is lightweight. For example, t

20、he Nimbus Cloudkit client size is around 15 MB. Cloud interfaces are location independent and can be accessed by some well established interfaces like Web services framework or Internet browser. On-demand service provision Computing Clouds provide resources and services for users on demand. Users ca

21、n customize their computing environments later on, for example, software installation, network configuration, as users usually own administrative privileges. QoS guaranteed offer The computing environments provided by computing Clouds can guarantee QoS for users, e.g., hardware performance like CPU

22、speed, I/O bandwidth and memory size. Autonomous System The computing Cloud is an autonomous system and managed transparently to Cloud users. Hardware, software and data inside Clouds can be automatically reconfigured, orchestrated and consolidated to a single platform image, finally rendered to Clo

23、ud users. 2.4 Enabling technologies A lot of enabling technologies contribute to the Cloud computing, here we identify severalstate-of-the-art techniques: Virtualization Virtualization technologies partition hardware and thus providing flexible and scalablecomputing platforms. Virtual machine techni

24、ques, such as VMware 37 and Xen 1, offer virtualized IT-infrastructures on demand. Virtual network advances, such as VPN 6, support users with a customized network environment to access cloud resources. Serviceow and workow orchestration Computing Clouds offer a complete set of service templates on

25、demand, which could be composed by services inside the Cloud. Cloud should be able to automatically orchestrate services from different sources and of different types to form a serviceow or workow for users. Web service and SOA Cloud services are normally exposed as Web services, which follow the in

26、dustry standards like WSDL 36,SOAP 32 and UDDI 27. The service organization and orchestration inside clouds could be managed in a Service Oriented Architecture (SOA). A set of Cloud services furthermore could be organized in a SOA, make themselves available on various distributed plat forms and coul

27、d thus be accessed across networks. Web 2.0 The Web 2.0 describes the trend in the use of World Wide Web technology and Web design to enhance creativity, information sharing, and, most notably, collaboration among users. These concepts have led to the development and evolution of Web-based communiti

28、es and hosted services 5. The essential idea behind Web 2.0 is to improve the interconnectivity and interactivity of Web applications. The new paradigm to develop and access Web applications enables users access the Web more easily and efficiently. Cloud computing services in nature are Web applicat

29、ions. It is thus a natural technical merging that Cloud computing adopts the Web 2.0 techniques. World-wide distributed storage system A Cloud storage model should foresee: - A network storage system, which is backed by distributed storage providers (e.g., data centers), offers storage capacity for

30、users to lease. The data storage could be migrated, merged, and managed transparently to end users for whatever data formats. Examples are Google File System 11 and Amazon S3 22. A Mashup is a Web application that combines data from more than one source into a single integrated storage tool 20. Smug

31、Mug 33 is an example of Mashup, which is a digital photo sharing Website, allowing the upload of an unlimited number of photos for all account types, providing a published API which allows programmers to create new functionality, and supporting XMLbased RSS and Atom feeds. - A distributed data syste

32、m which provides data sources accessed in a semantic way. Users could locate data sources in a large distributed environment by the logical name instead of physical locations. Virtual Data System (VDS) 35 could be good reference. Programming model Users drive into the computing Cloud with data and applications. Some Cloud programming models should be proposed for users to adapt to the Cloud infrastructure. To the simplicity and easy access of Cloud servic