英国皇家摄影学会自然摄影师守则汉译MY12.docx

1、英国皇家摄影学会自然摄影师守则汉译MY12自然摄影守则 The Nature Photographers Code of Practice Produced by The Nature Group of The Royal Photographic Society. 制定：皇家摄影学会自然摄影组Revised in 1997 and 2007 in consultation with the RSPB（Royal Society for the Protection of Birds）and the three Statutory Nature Conservation Councils. 1

2、997年与2007年根据与皇家保护鸟类学会（RSPB）及三个法定自然保护理事会磋商修订There is one hard and fast rule, whose spirit must be observed at all times - 无论何时均必须遵守一项严格硬性规定的精神 The welfare of the subject is more important than the photograph.” “拍摄对象的安康重于照片”Introduction引言Photography should not be undertaken if it puts the subject at r

3、isk. Risk to the subject, in this context, means risk of disturbance, physical damage, causing anxiety, consequential predation, and lessened reproductive success. 如使拍摄对象处于危险之中，则不应进行拍摄。这里所说的对拍摄对象所造成的危险包括干扰、物理伤害、引起不安、导致捕杀和降低繁殖成功率等风险。Photography may be seen as a criminal offence with relation to some

4、species, since disturbance will be occasioned.就某些物种而言，由于摄影将造成干扰，所以可被视为犯罪行为。Many species are afforded special legal protection. The Law as it affects nature photography must be observed. For Great Britain the main legislation is listed at the end of this leaflet. In other countries one should find ou

5、t in advance any restrictions that apply. 许多鸟类受到法律特殊保护。必须遵守与自然摄影相关的法律。英国主要立法清单附于本守则末尾。在其他国家时，摄影者应事先了解任何有关限制。Apparent lax or absence of local legislation should not lead any photographer to relax his/her own high standard.当地立法的明显松弛或缺失不应导致任何摄影师放松其个人的高标准。General总则 The photographer should be familiar wi

6、th the natural history of the subject; the more complex the life-form and the rarer the species, the greater his/ her knowledge must be. He/ she should also be sufficiently familiar with other natural history subjects to be able to avoid damaging their interests accidentally. Photography of uncommon

7、 creatures and plants by people who know nothing of the hazards to species and habitat is to be deplored.摄影者应熟悉拍摄对象的自然历史：生命形态越复杂，品种越稀有，则个人所掌握的知识就必须越多。为了能够避免对摄影对象的利益造成意外破坏，摄影者还应充分了解拍摄对象的其它自然历史。对拍摄物种及其栖息地毫无了解的人拍摄珍稀动植物的行为将会受到谴责。With reference to Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs): anyone who

8、intentionally or recklessly destroys or damages any of the flora, fauna, geological or physio-graphical features by reason of which a site is of special interest, or intentionally or recklessly disturbs any of those fauna, is guilty of an offence and is liable on summary conviction to a fine.关于特殊科研兴

9、趣点（SSSIs）：任何人出于对某一地点的特殊兴趣而有意或鲁莽地对任何动植物、地质或地貌特性造成损毁或破坏，或有意或鲁莽地对任何上述动物造成干扰，将被视为犯罪行为，并将在接受简易判决后被处以罚金。It is important for the good name of nature photography that its practitioners observe normal social courtesies. Permission should be obtained before working on private land and other naturalists should

10、 not be incommoded. Work at sites and colonies which are subjects of special study should be coordinated with the people concerned.为了维护自然摄影的良好声誉，自然摄影实践者遵守正常的社会规范是十分重要的。在私有土地上开展工作之前应获得许可，并且不应对其他博物学者造成妨碍。在成为特别研究对象的地点和栖息地上开展工作时应与相关人员进行协调。Photographs of dead, stuffed, homebred, captive, cultivated, or o

11、therwise controlled specimens may be of genuine value but should never be passed off as wild and free. Users of such photographs (irrespective of the purpose for which it is thought they will be used) should always be informed, regardless of how little they may seem to care.虽然拍摄死亡、标本、人工繁殖、被捕获、人工喂养或遭

12、受其他形式控制的样本也许确实具有价值，但是绝不能宣称其处于野生或自由状态。这种照片的使用者（不论其所认为的使用目的为何），不论其看上去多么地满不在乎，均应永远得到告诫。Birds at the nest在巢鸟类The terms of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981must be complied with at all times. It is an offence to recklessly or intentionally disturb a Schedule 1 species while it is building a nest, or

13、is in, on or near a nest containing eggs or young; or to disturb the dependant young of such a species. In Scotland it is an offence to recklessly or intentionally disturb or harrass any Schedule 1A bird (ie White-tailed Eagle) or any Schedule 1 bird which leks (ie Capercaillie).任何时候均必须遵守1981年野生动物与乡

14、村保护法的规定。在目录1中的物种（Schedule 1 species）筑巢时，或在巢中有鸟卵或雏鸟时，或身处有鸟卵或雏鸟的鸟巢附近时，任何有意或鲁莽的干扰行为，或干扰雏鸟的行为均为违法。在苏格兰，任何鲁莽或有意干扰或骚扰一类鸟类（即白尾海雕）或育雏一类鸟类（即欧洲雷鸟）的行为均为违法。A licence is necessary to photograph Schedule 1 birds in certain circumstances. Licences can be obtained from the appropriate Statutory Nature Conservation

15、body - see addresses at the end.Photography of birds at the nest should only be undertaken by those with a good knowledge of bird breeding behaviour. There are many competent photographers (and bird watchers) who lack this qualification.在某些情况下，拍摄一类鸟类需获得许可证。可在相应法定自然保护机关获得许可证 详情请参见守则后所附地址。只有详细了解鸟类繁殖行为

16、的摄影者方可对在巢鸟类进行拍摄。许多颇有能力的摄影者（及观鸟者）均缺乏这种资质。Scarce species should only be photographed in an area where they may be relatively frequent; it is therefore preferable to photograph British rarities overseas where they may be commoner. Photographers working abroad should exercise the same care as they would

17、 at home.拍摄稀有物种应只在其较经常出没的区域进行，因此在海外拍摄在英国罕见，而在当地较为常见的物种则较为可取。在海外工作的摄影者应像在国内一样谨慎行事。A hide should always be used if there is a reasonable doubt that birds would continue normal breeding behaviour otherwise. No part of the occupant should be visible from the outside of the hide.在有理由怀疑除非利用隐蔽体则鸟类将无法继续其正常繁

18、殖行为的情况下应永远使用隐蔽体。隐蔽体使用者的任何部位均不应在隐蔽体之外可被发现。Hides should not be erected where the attention of the public or a predator is likely to be attracted. If there is any such risk, an assistant should be in the vicinity to keep potential intruders away. No hide should be left unattended in daylight in a place

19、 with common public access.在有可能引起公众或捕猎者注意的位置不应搭建隐蔽体。如存在任何这样的风险，应在附近安排一名助手以防止潜在入侵者的接近。任何公众日间可能接近的掩蔽体均不应无人看守。Visits to a site should be kept to a minimum to avoid damage to vegetation and the creation of new tracks or pathways. The site should be restored to naturalness between sessions.应将前往某地点的次数保持在最

20、低程度，以免破坏植被和造成新开路径或通道。在拍摄行动之间应恢复该地点的自然状态。Reported nest failures due to nest photography are few, but a high proportion of those that occur are due to undue haste. The maximum possible time should elapse between stages of hide movement or erection, introduction of lens or flash equipment, gardening an

21、d occupation. Many species need preparation at least a week in advance; this should be seen as the norm. Each stage should be fully accepted by the bird (or birds, where feeding or incubation is shared) before the next stage is initiated. If a stage is refused by the birds (which should be evident f

22、rom their behaviour to a competent bird photographer) the procedure should be reversed at least one stage; if refusal is repeated photography should be abandoned.虽然因摄影鸟巢而造成的鸟巢破坏鲜有报道，但是所发生的大多数情况均是由于过于匆忙。迁移或架设隐蔽体，使用镜头或闪光器材，以及整修或使用隐蔽体之间的间隔时间应保持在最大程度。许多物种需要至少提前一周的准备时间，因此，这应被视为一个正常标准。在开始实施下一个步骤之前，设立隐蔽体的每

23、个步骤均应得到鸟类（在处于共同喂养或孵化阶段时无论其数量如何）的充分接受。如果某一步骤遭到鸟类拒绝（对一位称职的摄影者而言，鸟类的行为应十分明显），架设隐蔽体的步骤应至少后退一步；如果遭到反复拒绝，则应当放弃摄影活动。The period of disturbance caused by each stage should be kept to a minimum. It is undesirable to initiate a stage in late evening, when the birds activities are becoming less frequent.每个阶段所造成

24、的干扰应保持最低水平。在夜深时开始某一步骤不太可取，因为这时鸟类的活动频率开始降低。Remote-control work where acceptance cannot be checked is rarely satisfactory. Resetting of a shutter or manually advancing film is even less likely to be acceptable because of the frequency of disturbance.在无法确定鸟类是否接受时使用遥控装置很少能够取得满意结果。由于干扰的频繁程度，重新设置快门或手动推进胶卷

25、的被接受可能性则更小。While the best photographs are often obtained about the time of hatching this is not the time to start erecting a hide - nor when eggs are fresh. It is better to wait until the reactions of the parent birds to the situation are firmly established.虽然最好的照片经常是在孵化时间前后拍摄到的，但这却不是开始架设隐蔽体的时候 即便鸟蛋

26、新鲜也不行。等到成鸟对环境的反应已经稳固建立之后则会更好。The birds first visits to the nest after the hide is occupied are best used for checking routes and behaviour rather than for exposures. The quieter the shutter, the less the chance of birds objecting to it. The longer the focal length of the lens used, the more distant

27、the hide can be and the less risk of the birds not accepting it.在有人进入隐蔽体之后，鸟类的首次造访最好用于检查其路线和习性，而不应用于对其曝光。快门的声音越小，鸟只拒绝的几率就越低。所用镜头的焦距越长，隐蔽体与鸟巢的距离就越大，而遭到鸟类拒绝的风险就越小。Nesting birds photographed from a hide can be put under pressure if too many photographers are waiting for their turn in the hide. Each cha

28、nge of photographer causes fresh disturbance and should be avoided. Ideally two photographers working together should be the norm - two to enter the hide and one to leave, although more may be required for some species. Disturbance should always be kept to an absolute minimum and should never be cau

29、sed during bad weather (rain or exceptionally hot sun).假如在隐蔽体内等待“轮到自己”的摄影者太多，接受隐蔽体拍摄的鸟类所面临的压力就越大。每换一名摄影者都会造成新的干扰，因此应予以避免。理想的方式应当是两位摄影者配合工作 两人同时进入，每次一人离开，虽然有些物种可能需要更多人员。应永远绝对保持最低干扰程度，而在天气不佳时（下雨或阳光过热时）绝不应产生任何干扰。The trapping of breeding birds for studio-type photography is totally unacceptable in any c

30、ircumstances and an offence3 under the WCA.在任何情况下，为摄影棚摆拍目的捕捉正在孵化的鸟类均是完全不可接受的，而且这也是违反野生动物与乡村保护法的行为。It is an offence to remove nestlings or eggs from the nest for photo-graphy even on a temporary basis; when photographed in situ care should be taken not to cause an explosion of young from the nest. It

31、 is never permissible to artificially restrict the free movement of the young.为摄影目的将雏鸟或鸟卵移出鸟巢，即便属于临时性质，也是违法行为；进行现场拍摄时应谨慎从事，以免导致雏鸟从鸟巢中“弹出”。 绝对禁止人为限制雏鸟行动自由的行为。The use of playback tape or stuffed predators (to stimulate territorial or alarm reactions) should not be undertaken near the nest in the breed

32、ing season. Additionally the use of bait or song tapes to attract birds to the camera, even though this is away from the nest, should not be under-taken in an occupied breeding territory. Use of such methods may be considered illegal with respect to Schedule 1 species.在孵化季节，不应在鸟巢附近播放磁带或放置掠食动物标本（用以刺激领地反应或报警反应）。此外，在存在孵化鸟类的区域，即使不在鸟巢附近，也不应使用诱饵或播放鸟鸣磁带以将鸟类引诱到照相机附近。就一类物种而言，使用这样的手段可被视为违法。Mammals and Birds away from the nest巢外哺乳动物与鸟类 Predators should not be baited from a hide in an area where hides may later be