综合教程第四册课件Unit11.docx

1、综合教程第四册课件Unit11综合教程第四册Unit 11I. Background人们喜欢到野外去旅游，野外有许多不可预料的危险，万一出了意外，及时送医院是不可能的，一切都要靠自己来解决，野外旅游可能出现的危险有以下几种: 1.接触性皮炎斑疹:当接触某些物质而致皮肤出现奇痒、红肿时，要赶快离开引发过敏的物质，并用水清洗患部，马上改换衣服。红肿厉害时，能够涂肾上腺皮质激素软膏。 2.晕车:调换到晃动轻微的位置，打开窗户呼吸新鲜空气，解开衣服，想吐时以吐出为宜。晕车有相当一部份是心理因素引发的，所以要尽可能分散晕车者的注意力，必要时也能够服用药物来避免。 3.被小动物咬伤:被咬后应迅速把伤口用净

2、水涂香皂冲洗干净，包上纱布。被狗咬伤的伤口，容易化脓，所以必需进行完全的伤口处置，及时注射疫苗。鹦鹉的排泄物会引发感染，出现持续的琳巴肿、发烧等，应去医院医治。 4.被毛虫刺:被带有毒腺的毛虫刺伤后，伤部迅即红肿，并有痛感。可用手挤出毒汁，并用香皂、自来水擦洗干净。 5.误食有毒食物:以手指挖喉咙促使自己反射性呕吐，迅速吐出毒物，并尽快送医院灌洗肠胃。 6.蜂刺:被蜂刺后，第一把毒刺拔出，用手挤出毒液，然后涂上氨水和抗组织软膏。若是被刺后出现恶心、抽搐等症状是危险预兆，要赶快上医院。若被刺后20分钟之内无异样反映，一般来讲问题不大。 注意要点:一是动身前每人应检查自己的身体健康状况，如脉搏、体

3、温等;二是注意脸色和表情等，如脸色不好，眼睛充血，打嗝过量，要马上向带队者报告;三是要注意过于沉闷和过于兴奋等精神方面的转变情形;四是尽可能饮食有规律，并注意饮食卫生，不随意吃平时不常吃的东西;五是要睡眠充沛，注意温度、姿势等;六是排便最好在早饭后进行;七是注意个人卫生，如不能洗澡，也要擦身换衣。II. Analysis of the Text本文可分为三部份。第一部份作者告知读者他为何喜欢成为露营顾问。第二部份作者用他的切身经历证明了他最初对露营顾问的了解是错误的。第三部份他总结了自己通过那个故事吸取的教训:时刻预备着在任何时候任何地方听取听他人给予的明智建议。 Part I (Paragr

4、aph 1 )作者描述了他同意这份工作的动机:当一名露营顾问很有趣，有许多时刻和孩子们一路玩。 Part II ( Paragraphs 2-20)作者讲述了他的一段切身经历，说明了当露营顾间并非他想象的那么轻松和有趣。 Part III ( Paragraph 21)本部份作者总结了他的座右铭:时刻预备着听取明智的建议。IIIWords & Phrases Study 文中出现的重难点词及短语pain, yell, prey, plod, shrug off, take over，kick，blaze，drag1. painn. suffering or distress 痛苦或苦恼His

5、bad behaviour caused his parents a great deal of pain.他的不良行为使他的父母感到超级痛苦。(点拨)作名词，意为“辛苦，辛劳，费心”时，为不可数名词，带用复数，后面连用谓语动词的复数形式，如:My pains have been rewarded.我的尽力已经取得回报。作及物动词，指身体某一部份“疼痛”，常常利用于主动态，如:Does your ankle still pain you?你的脚还痛吗?作不及物动词，常见于口语中，一般只指身体某部份在 “痛”，如:My arm is paining.我的胳膊痛。2. yellv. cry out

6、 loudly，shout高声叫嚷，喊叫(释例)She yelled out at her mischievous child.她对她调皮的孩子大呼大叫。 (点拨)yell后可接that引导的从句，如:He yelled that the house was on fire.他高声叫嚷屋子着火了。3. preyn. an animal hunted or caught for food; quarry捕捉物;猎物(释例)She was easy prey for dishonest salesmen.她很容易地让奸商敲了竹杠。(点拨)作名词，只用单数，如: He used to be a pr

7、ey to sleeplessness.他过去一直受失眠的折磨。只用作不及物动词，后接介词on或upon，如:Care preyed on her health.忧虑损害了她的健康。4. plodv. move or walk heavily or laboriously; trudge 繁重缓慢地行走;步履艰难地走The losing team plodded wearily off the field.失败的队员们倦怠地拖着繁重的脚步离开了场地。(点拨)plod还可表示“埋头苦干”，例如:plodding through a mountain of paperwork.在成堆的文件中埋头苦

8、干。5. shrug off minimize the importance of对嗤之以鼻，缩小的重要性(释例)He shrugged off the defeat and talked about tonights game.他对失败嗤之以鼻而谈论今晚的比赛。shrug off还可表示get rid of(摆脱)，例如:She was anxious to shrug off a burden.她急切地想摆脱负担。6. take over take the ownership or contro1 of，assume the management of or responsibility接

9、管，接收(释例)This farm will be taken over by the owners eldest son.农场被农场主的长子接管了。take over为动副型及物动词词组，除表示“接管，接收”，还可表示“借用，仿照，采用”，例如:They have taken over many ways of languages study.咱们已采用了许多语言学习的方式。The management in the factory has been taken over by them.工厂的管理作法被他们借用了。7. kickv. strike out with the foot or

10、feet踢Suddenly, one of the children kicked a ball very hard and it went towards a passing boat.突然，一个小孩使劲地踢球，球朝一条正在通过的小船飞去。kick at意为“朝踢”，但未必踢中，如:The footballer kicked at the hall but missed.足球运动员朝球踢去，结果未踢中。kick about/around意为“闲置”时，一般只能够用于进行时，如:The old coat has been kicking around the closet for years.

11、这件旧外衣放在衣橱中已经连年未用了。8. blazev. show great feeling， esp. anger表现强烈的情感(尤指愤怒)(释例)He was blazing with indignation.他勃然盛怒。(点播)blaze，flame，flare，flash都指强烈的光，专门是燃烧时看得见的光。blaze强调燃烧的强烈程度，暗示一种启发的辉煌，例如: We warmed our hands near the blaze of the campfire.咱们在篝火的火焰旁暖手。flame指火的一喷或一道火舌，例如:The paper burned with a yello

12、w and blue flame and then disintegrated.纸被一道黄蓝色的火苗吞噬，然后化成了灰。flare指耀眼但不稳固的光，例如：Flares of brilliant red shot up from the smokestack.大烟囱里冒出来的阵阵耀眼的红光。Rash意指突发刹时的暴发，例如:The flash of strobe lights and the insistent beat of the music made the disco a favorite gathering place for young people.频闪灯的亮光和音乐不断的敲击声

13、使迪斯科舞厅成为年轻人喜爱的聚集地。glare强调强烈、让人难以忍受的强光，例如:The glare of the oncoming headlights temporarily blinded me.迎面车灯刺眼的光照得我刹时什么也看不见。9. dragv. pull along with difficulty or effort; haul拖，拉，困难或费力地往前拉;拖曳We dragged the fallen tree clear of the road.咱们把倒下的树从路上施走。(点拨)drag, draw和pull为近义词。drag意为“拖”，指比较缓慢艰难的动作，拖的物体一般是笨

14、重的，还意味着阻力，如:He could scarcely drag himself along.他几乎走不动了。另外drag还有“拖延”之义，指时刻、进程的拖长，如:The performance dragged.演出拖得太久。draw意为“拉”，往往指较从容的动作，有许多引申用法，如:A good dentist can draw a tooth without inflicting pain on the patient.一个好的牙医拔牙时不使病人感觉痛。/draw money from the hank从银行取钱/draw a conclusion that得出一个结论。另外，draw

15、还有“拉长”之义，指长度的延伸，如:We heat the metal and draw it into a long wire.咱们把金属加热然后拉成长丝。pull意为“拉”，应用范围极广，如:He pulled the door open and rushed out.他拉开门，冲了出去。IV. Class Check1. We have been hearing _ accounts of your work.A) favoured B) favourable C) favourite D) favouring2. Their happiness was very _.A) crisp

16、B) brittle C) delicate D) fragile was awfully tired when I got home from work，but a half-hour nap _ me.A) revived B) released C) relieved D) recovered4. The head of the Museum was _and let us actually examine the ancient manuscripts.A) promising B) agreeing C) pleasing D) obligingV. Text Explanation

17、 :童子军(Scout)是目前世界上影响最为普遍的非获利性,非政府青少年组织之一，其组织遍及216个国家和地域，成员达2，500万人。 Mountains:在广裹的北美大陆西侧有一条南北走向的大山脉，将大陆分成沿海地带和中部平原两部份，这就是落基山脉(Rockies Mountains)。在加拿大境内被称为加拿大落基山脉，聚集了班夫(Banff National Park)，贾斯柏(Jasper National Park)，育空(Yoho National Park)等大小不一的国家公园，是观赏美丽自然风光的宝库。 3. So when I was offered a position as

18、 a counselor at Marshall Mountain day camp，I jumped at the chance:本句话可理解为:When I got the job as a counselor at Marshall Mountain day camp，I eagerly accepted the chance. 4. But I wondered what Id do myself if I ever ran across a mountain lion:句中反身代词myself是I的同位语。英语里的反身代词，一般有两个句法功能:作宾语和同位语。例如:The nurse

19、 already hurt herself while rescuing the child.那护士救护孩子时自己已受了伤。(作宾语)Engels pointed out a hundred years ago that labour created man himself.恩格斯一百年前就指出，劳动创造了人类本身。(作同位语) was going well, the kids were keeping up, and one of the other counselors was already back: keep up是动副型及物和不及物短语动词，意思为“维持，维持”。英语中的“动介型(

20、动词+介词)”和“动副型 (动词+副词)”的短语动词，是两类很是常见的短语动词。动介型短语动词相当于及物动词，不论用什么词作宾语，通常只能位于介词以后;动副型短语动词通常有两种情形:有的是及物动词+副词，作及物动词用;有的是不及物动词+副词，作不及物动词用。作及物动词用的动副型短语动词中的宾语的名词及不定代词(如anything, anybody， somebody，no one等)既可放在副词之前，亦可放在副词以后，而人称代词或反身代词则必需放在副词之前。试比较;They went out他们出去了。(动副型，不及物)The city has taken out the old street

21、car tracks. /The city has taken the old streetcar tracks out.那个城市已经把旧的电车轨道拆除。(动副型，及物)Most of the Asians live on rice. (*Most of the Asians live rice on.)多数亚洲人以大米为主食。(动介型)Do you care for maize?(* Do you care maize for?)你喜欢吃玉米吗?(动介型)从上述例句能够看出，这两类短语动词在语法作用及其应用上是有区别的。那么，如何判断这两类短语动词呢? 1)短语动词后面没有跟宾语的，必然是动

22、副型不及物短语动词。例如: Dont despair! Everything will work out all right in the end.不要失去信心，最后一切都会顺利的。He caught three hares, but one got away.他抓住了三只野兔，跑了一只。 2)动词同at，for, from， into，of, to, with搭配所组成的短语动词必然是动介型的，而同away, ahead，back，out, forward搭配所组成的必然是动副型的。这是因为，在英语里前者只能作介词，而后者只能作副词的缘故。例如：Such conduct allows of

23、no excuse.如此的行为是不容辩白的。(动介型) Dont run away; Ive something to say to you.别走了，我有话跟你说。(动副型)By the time his patience had completely run out.到这时他已完全耐不住了。(动副型) 3)还有一些常常利用的副词或介词(如about，across，by, down，in，off，on, over，round，around，through，throughout，up，past，without，inside等)与动词搭配时，可能组成动介型短语动词，也可能组成动副型及物短语动词。从

24、搜集的大量语言实例来看，动词同off, down, up，around, about，in，outside连历时，多组成动副型短语动词;与其他词连历时，则多组成动介型短语动词 (同on连历时，既可组成动介型，也可组成动副型)。例如:Please kindly write down that address for me.请劳神帮我把那个地址写下来。(动副型)They both went after the same job.他们两人都想取得一样的工作。(动介型) 4)动介型短语动词的动词与介词之间可插入副词;而动副型短语动词一般不能。试比较:They called early on the m

25、an.(=They called on the man early.)他们早就来造访那个人了。(动介型)They quickly put up the looms./ They put up the looms quickly.(They put quickly up the looms.)他们专门快把那些织布机架起来了。(动副型) its steel-like claws，the lionleaving bloody gashes on the boys back: leaving bloody gashes on the boys back 是表示结果的分词短语。如何判断这种表示结果的分词

26、短语呢?它们有些什么特点呢? 1)表示结果的分词短语通常放在句子的后头，其前常有一逗号隔开。例如：Last year the yield climbed again, reaching 1,240 jin per mu.去年产量又提高了，每亩达到了1,2400斤。Carbon burns in oxygen or air, forming carbon dioxide.碳在氧或空气中燃烧，因此形成了二氧化碳。Winter in India sets in November and continues until February, permitting the cultivation of w

27、heat.印度的冬季从11月开始延续至下年的2月，所以能够种小麦。 2)表示结果的分词短语前常加thus, thereby, only之类的副词。因此，在翻译时常可加“因此”、“于是”、“所以”、“便”等词。例如:A number of new machines were installed in the factory，thus resulting in an increase in production.这家工厂安装了许多新机械，因此增加了生产。When these industries are established in the market area，more workers are

28、 employed，thereby adding to its economy.当这些工业在市场区成立起来时，更多的工人被招聘，因此就增强了本地域的经济。 3)这种表示结果的分词短语的逻辑主语不是句子的主语，一般是前边的整个句子，因此它的作用相当于一个非限制性定语从句。例如:Plant height was highly correlated with maturity，indicating that population with short stems tends to be early in maturity.(=.，which indicated that population wit

29、h short stems tends to be early in maturity.)植株的高度与成熟期有紧密关系，这说明矮杆群体往往要早熟。In 1905 the wild Colorado River cut through an outlet and rushed across the fields, forming a lake that became 72 kilometers long.(=.,which formed a lake that became 72 kilometers long.)1905年，汹涌的科罗拉多河决了口，冲过田野，形成了一个72千米长的湖泊。 pai

30、d no attention to me as it crouched over Dante:英语“短语动词(phrasal verbs)”中，有一种是由“动词+名词+介词”组成的(如make use of, take care of, lay stress on, take account of, lose sight of, pay attention to等)。这种结构的短语动词具有以下的一些特点。 1)起及物动词的作用，需要跟宾语。同其他动词一样，它们既用作谓语动词，也可用作非谓语动词。例如：Either war gives rise to revolution or revoluti

31、on prevents war不是战争引发革命，就是革命制止战争。They held a meeting to take stock of last years achievements and map out tasks for the new year他们开了一个会来评估去年的成绩，制定新的一年的任务。This book preserves the traditional separation into Statics and Dynamics, paying attention to the unity of the subject本书沿袭传统方式，分为静力学和动力学，并注意本学科的统一

32、性。 2)这种短语动词大多能够组成被动语态，而且常常有两种组成方式。 把短语动词后的介词宾语用作被动语态句的主语。例如：He was often made fun of for his strong accent由于异乡音重，大家常和他开玩笑。Everywhere he was well-treated and made much of无论在哪里，他都受到专门好的接待和尊重。The place was so crowded, he was soon lost sight of这地方这么拥堵，一会儿他就不见了。 把短语动词中的名词用作被动语态句的主语。例如:No fault could be found with it on that said.在那方面，它是无疵可挑的。Every possible use should be made of advanced technology.要尽可能利用先进技术。Advantage is taken of this reaction in welding ra