An Introduction to Oil and Gas 中英对照.docx

1、An Introduction to Oil and Gas 中英对照1. Generation1. 概论Petroleum is a highly variable mixture of hydrocarbons mixed with oxygen, sulphur, nitrogen, and other elements, including both liquids and gases (part of the gas being in solution because of the high pressure). Crude oils vary in color, from clea

2、r to tar-black, and in viscosity, from water to almost solid. They are thought to be derived from ancient organic material which existed many millions of years ago (hence it is known as a fossil fuel). The remains of marine plant and animal life were deposited along with rock-forming sediments under

3、 the sea where they were decomposed anaerobically (without oxygen) by bacteria which changed the fats in the sediments into fatty acids which were then changed into an asphaltic material called kerogen. This was then converted over millions of years into petroleum by the combined action of heat and

4、pressure. The rate of deposition of the sediments must be sufficiently rapid for the organic matter to be preserved by burial before being destroyed bydecay. As time goes on the organic material is buried deeper and hence is exposed to higher temperatures and pressures. Eventually chemical changesre

5、sult in the generation of petroleum. Ultimately the subsidence will stopand may even reverse.石油是一种以碳氢化合物为主，并含有氧、硫、氮及其他元素，以气液两相形式混合存在的高度多样化的混合物（其中部分气体在高压情况下以溶解气的形式存在）。原油的颜色多种多样，从浅色到焦油色；粘度也不尽相同，有的是流动的液体，有的则近似固体。一般观点认为，原油由几百万年前的有机物形成（因此原油也被称为化石燃料）。海洋植物和动物的遗体和其他的成岩沉积物一起沉积在海底，细菌对其进行厌氧（无氧）分解，并将其中的脂肪转化为脂肪酸

6、，然后脂肪酸转化为一种叫做干酪根的沥青材料。干酪根在高温高压的共同作用下经过几百万年的时间转化成石油。沉积物的沉降速度必须足够迅速，才能保证有机物在腐烂破坏之前能够被埋藏储存起来。随着时间的推移，有机物越埋越深，因此所受的温度和压力也越来越大，直至发生化学变化形成石油。最终沉降停止，甚至可能转而上升。As the great weight of the overlying rocks and sediments pushed downward, the organic material was squeezed out of its original sedimentary mud into

7、adjacent sandstones. Small globules of oil collected together in the pores of the rock and eventually migrated upwards through layers of porous rock by the action of the oils own surface tension (capillary action), by the force of water movement within the rock, and by gas pressure. Indeed, some of

8、it eventually reached the surface and collected in large pools of tar, which are called seeps or shows. However, some petroleum did not reach the surface. Instead, its upward migration was stopped by an impervious or impermeable layer of rock. It lay trapped in porous reservoir rocks, such as sandst

9、one or limestone, far beneath the surface. 受重力影响，上覆岩石和沉积物不断下沉，将有机物挤出其原先所在的沉积层，进入临近的砂岩层。原油以微粒的形式在岩石的空隙中聚集，最终在原油表面张力（毛细血管作用）、岩石中水体的流动以及气压的共同作用下，经过层层孔隙岩，向上运移。事实上，一些原油最终会到达地表，形成大的焦油池，称之为“油苗”或“油气显示”。然而，一些原油无法到达地表。相反地，其向上运移的过程被非渗透性岩层阻断，于是在多孔储集岩（如砂岩、石灰岩）中保存下来。Four prerequisites are necessary for oil and ga

10、s to accumulate in commercial quantities in an area: (1) The oil originates in a source bed, and a marine shale, once a black mud rich in organic compounds, is thought to be a common source rock. (2) The oil then migrates to a permeable reservoir rock, and to do this it may travel for long distances

11、 both vertically and horizontally. Oil cannot move through the tiny openings of the shale source beds rapidly enough to be extracted profitably. (3) A nonpermeable layer must occur above a reservoir bed. Since oil is lighter than water, it tends to move upwards through openings and cracks until it e

12、ncounters impervious beds that it cannot penetrate. The oil may then accumulate beneath the impervious layers. Some gas occurs in solution within the oil, and if enough is present it separates out to occupy the uppermost region of such a trap. (4) A favorable structure must exist to concentrate the

13、oil, and anticlines, salt plugs, and faults are common examples.若某一地区的油气储量要达到商业开采价值，以下四个条件缺一不可：（1）石油在生油层或海相页岩中生成。若黑色软泥富含有机化合物，则普遍视其为生油岩。若原油在页源岩中运移速度过快，则不具备商业开发价值。（2）原油运移至可渗透的储集岩。在这一过程中，原油可能在水平和竖直方向上都运移了相当长的距离。（3）储集层上方须有非渗透性岩层。由于油比水轻，因此原油会在空隙和裂缝中向上运移，直到遇到非渗透性岩层才会停下。于是，原油在非渗透性岩层的下方聚集。而一些气体则溶解在油中，若溶解饱和

14、，气体则会游离出来，占据圈闭上方区域。（4）背斜层、盐柱和断层就是聚集石油的最佳例证。Traps圈闭A trap is the place where oil and gas are barred from further movement. Geologists have classified petroleum traps into two basic types: structural traps and stratigraphic traps.Structural traps are traps that are formed because of a deformation in t

15、he rock layer that contains the hydrocarbons. About 80 to 90 per cent of the known petroleum reserves occur in structural traps.圈闭通常能够阻止石油和天然气进一步运移。地质学家把油气圈闭分为两大基本类型：构造圈闭和地层圈闭。构造圈闭由含碳氢化合物的岩层形变生成。约80%-90%的油藏均为构造圈闭。An anticline, the simplest and commonest form of petroleum accumulation, is an upward f

16、old in the layers of rock, much like an arch in a building. A porous and permeable reservoir rock must be sealed above by animpermeable cover bedwhich is fine-grained, relatively impermeable bed such as clay, shale, marl, or salt. Petroleum migrates into the highest part of the fold, and its escape

17、is prevented by an overlying bed of impermeable rock.背斜圈闭是最为简单和常见的石油储集类型，其岩层向上折起，形状类似拱形建筑。多孔渗透性储集层须有细密不渗透的盖层封闭，如粘土、页岩、泥灰岩或盐。石油运移到褶皱的顶部，受到上面不渗透盖层阻止而无法溢出。Fault traps are also common. Again, there must be a porous and permeable reservoir rock that is sealed above by a fine-grained, relatively impermeab

18、le bed. But the real trap is provided by the fault, which prevents further updip migration either by the fine-grained material in the fault itself or by the brining of a fine-grained relatively impermeable bed on the other side of the fault to the position that truncates the reservoir. 断层圈闭也相当常见。同样地

19、，多孔渗透性储集层须有细粒不渗透的盖层封闭。无论是由断层内部细密材质所造成的进一步运移，还是由断层另一面细密不渗透的盖层所造成的运移，均会截断油藏。但由于真正的圈闭为断层本身，因此可以阻止此类运移的发生。A salt dome formed when a mass of salt flows upwards under the pressure resulting from the weight of the overlying sediments. The salt dome bows up sedimentary beds and seals off disrupted beds and

20、so provides traps over and around the sides of the dome.由于上覆沉积物自身的重量所产生的压力致使大量的盐向上运移，因而形成盐丘。盐丘将沉积层向上拱起，形成穹形，并封闭断裂层，于是在盐丘的上方以及周围形成圈闭。The trapping mechanism of stratigraphic traps is from stratigraphic rather than structural causes. In these, the essential features remain a porous and permeable reserv

21、oir rock sealed by a fine-grained relatively impermeable rock, but the configuration of these to form a trap arises from the particular sedimentary process and nature of the resulting sediments. The most obvious forms of stratigraphic trap are fossil coral reefs such as those of western Canada and L

22、ibya. In these, the voids in the reef or reeflike reservoir contain the petroleum which is prevented from leaking out by the clay or shale in which the reef is enveloped. These voids are not like the pore spaces in sandstone reservoirs, but more solution cavities and fractures. Production rates tend

23、 to be much higher than from sandstone reservoirs. The frictional resistance to fluid movement tends to be much less, so there is better communication through the reservoir and it can be produced with fewer wells.地层圈闭的圈闭机理主要是地层因素而非构造因素。地层圈闭的基本特点依然是多孔可渗透储层受到细密不透水层的封闭，但其形成圈闭的形状则取决于特定的沉积过程和沉积物的性质。最具有代表

24、性的地层圈闭是化石珊瑚礁，加拿大西部和利比亚均有分布。在化石珊瑚礁内，礁体或礁状储油层内的孔隙往往含有石油，而由于礁体被粘土或页岩封闭，因此石油无法逃离出去。与砂岩储油层中的孔隙不同的是，化石珊瑚礁含有更多的溶洞和裂缝，流体在其中运动所受的摩擦阻力要小很多，更易于流动，因而其产油率也比砂岩储油层高得多，开采时所需的油井数量也就更少。2. Characteristics of Reservoir Rocks储集岩的特点Three conditions must be present for oil reservoirs to form: a source rock rich in hydroca

25、rbon material buried deep enough for subterranean heat to cook it into oil; a porous and permeable reservoir rock for it to accumulate in; and a cap rock (seal) or impervious rock that prevents it from escaping to the surface. Within these reservoirs, fluids will typically organize themselves like a

26、 three-layer cake with a layer of water below the oil layer and a layer of gas above it, although the different layers vary in size between reservoirs.油藏的形成需要三个条件：富含碳氢化合物的烃源岩须深埋地下，须有足够的地热使其转变为石油；须有多孔可渗透性储集岩使其能够聚集；须有盖层或非渗透性岩石以防其溢出地表。在油藏中，典型的流体存在结构就像是三层蛋糕，最下层是水，中间是石油，上层是天然气，且不同的油藏每层所占的体积也不尽相同。Sandston

27、es and limestones, the most common types of reservoir rocks, are generally porous. Porous rocks may sometimes also contain fractures or fissures, which will add to the oil-storing capacity of the reservoir. Petroleum collects in the pores or cavities intermingled withthe remaining water which was bu

28、ried with the sediments.When a significant fraction of the pores is interconnectedso that fluids can pass through the rock, the rock is permeable. Permeability permits the gas, oil and water toseparate partially because of their different densities.作为常见的储油岩类型，砂岩和石灰岩通常都是多孔的。多孔岩石有时也会有裂缝或缝隙，这会增加油藏的储油能力

29、。石油聚集在这些孔隙中，与随着沉积物一同深埋地下的残留水混合在一起。若大部分的孔隙相连通，流体就可以通过岩石，则这种岩石就是可渗透的。由于气、油、水的密度不同，渗透性可将它们部分地分离。Porosity is defined as the ratio of the void space in a rock to the bulk volume of that rock multiplied by 100 to express in percent. The original porosity is that developed in the deposition of the material

30、, while induced porosity is that developed by some geological process subsequent to deposition of the rock. Original porosity is typified by the intergranular porosity of sandstones and the intercrystalline and oolitic porosity of some limestones. Induced porosity is typified by fracture development

31、 as found in some shales and limestones and by the vugs or solution cavities commonly found in limestones. Rocks having original porosity are more uniform in their characteristics than those rocks in which a large part of the porosity is induced. For direct quantitative measurement of porosity, reli

32、ance must be placed on formation samples obtained by coring.孔隙度是指岩石中孔隙体积与岩石总体积的比值。原生孔隙是在岩石沉积的过程中形成的，而次生孔隙是在岩石形成以后，由一些随后的地质过程作用下形成的。常见的原生孔隙有砂岩的粒间孔隙、某些石灰岩的晶间孔隙和鲕状孔隙。常见的次生孔隙有某些页岩和石灰岩的裂缝、以及石灰岩中的岩穴和溶洞。相比于大部分为次生孔隙的岩石，具有原生孔隙的岩石在性质上更为统一。而对于孔隙度的直接定量测量，其可信度则取决于通过取芯所获得的地层岩样。In dealing with reservoir rocks, it

33、is necessary, because the cementing materials may seal off a part of the pore volume, to define total porosity and effective porosity. Total porosity is the ratio of the total void space in the rock to the bulk volume of the rock; effective porosity is the ratio of the interconnected void space in the rock to the bulk volume of the roc