论文写作 Unit 2 Title Author Affiliation and Keywords.docx

1、论文写作 Unit 2 Title Author Affiliation and KeywordsUnit 2. Title, Author/Affiliation and Keywords（2hrs）The information about title & affiliation of an academic paper is often on the head page of a dissertation, but it may occupy different places of a periodical paper. The title is always at the very b

2、eginning of a periodical paper, with the authors name and affiliation below the title, and a brief introduction to the author is always at the bottom of a front page of a periodical paper, or at the end of the paper.2.1. Titles2.1.1. General functionsA. Generalizing the TextA title should summarize

3、the central idea of the paper concisely and correctly. By glancing at the title, the reader will immediately know, incorporating with the abstract, what is mainly dealt with in the paper.B. Attracting the ReaderIf a title is accurate, concise and distinct, it will attract readers a lot and stimulate

4、 readers to read the whole text. An interesting title may draw particular attention among professionals, for only when readers are interested in the title will they decide to read the whole paper.C. Facilitating the RetrievalA title usually provides leads for the international information retrieval

5、organizations to choose the appropriate keywords contained in it when they organize index and secondary documents. So, a title serves as an important index of information retrieval to meet the needs of extensive paper communication and information dissemination.2.1.2 Linguistic FeaturesA. Using More

6、 Nouns, Noun Phrases and GerundsThe words or phrases used in a title are very often nouns, noun phrases or gerunds, nominalization, which usually are keywords for the paper, having the ability to sum up the whole text. Nouns or noun phrases used in a title can be added with pre-modifiers or/and post

7、-modifiers. Therefore, a title can normally be composed of nouns or noun phrases, adjectives, prepositions, articles and conjunctions, and occasionally, pronouns. If a verb should be used in a title, it should be changed into its infinite verbal forms, for instance, present participles, past partici

8、ples or gerunds. For example, we may easily find such titles as:(1) Civilizations Source and Its Implication.(2) A Multi-perspective Account of Met linguistic Negation.(3) Research on the Motivations of Lexis and Vocabulary Learning Strategies.(4) Emotional Therapeutics: New Rectifying Approaches fo

9、r Childrens Behavior Problems.B. Using Incomplete SentencesA title is just a label of appellation（A name, title, or designation 名字，称号） of the paper, reflecting the main idea of the content, so even when there is a need to give a title in the form of a sentence, it does not need to be a complete sent

10、ence. A complete declarative sentence usually makes a title containing determining implication. Meanwhile, it appears lacking brevity and clarity.For example, the title Nitrendipine Is Effective on Severe Hypertension is not a standard one. It is a complete declarative sentence that contains the aut

11、hors determining implication of the effect of the medicine Nitrendipine. So it should be revised into Effects of Nitrendipine on Severe Hypertension.2.1.3 Writing RequirementsA. ABC Principles for TitlesA is for accuracy, B is for brevity and C is for clarity, which is the so-called ABC principles.

12、Accuracy means that a title can appropriately express and fit in the reality of the paper. Brevity asks the writer to summarize the necessary content with the most limited words. Clarity means a title should clearly reflect the distinguishing features of the paper.For example, Research and Developme

13、nt of Sound-transmitted Technology is not a title to express the specific content accurately. By analyzing the original writing material, we know it is a paper about sound-transmitted technology used in on-line monitoring for machine tools. So it should be corrected into On-line Monitoring for Cutti

14、ng on Machine Tools by Using Sound-transmitted Technology.B. Being Brief and ConciseGenerally, a title is composed of no more than twenty words. If a title is too long, it will be difficult for readers to catch the meaning of the content and remember it. If the writer fails to state his idea clearly

15、 in a few words, he can use a subtitle. To be brief and concise, professional papers seldom use such decorative locutions （phrase or idiom 短语; 惯用语） as “on the .” “regarding .” “investigation on.”, . “the method of.”, . “some thoughts on.”, . “a research of.,” and etc., which lead to redundancy. Of c

16、ourse, the title must be long enough to describe the content of the paper. Too short a title, sometimes, may bring about confusion.C. Being SpecificIn preparing the title of a paper, a general and abstract title should be avoided. For example, such a title as Computer Simulations of the Measurement

17、will be regarded as too general and global, vague and empty, telling the reader nothing specific. It would be better to change the title into something like Computer Simulations of the Measurement of Quadratic Electro-optic Coefficients Associated with Rotations of the Principal Axes of the Optical

18、Permittivity Tensor (Journal of Optics A: Pure Appl. Opt. 5, 2003,147), according to the content of the paper. The revised title can greatly highlight the emphasis and particularity of the work.D. Avoiding Question TitlesA question title means a complete sentence in the question form. Such titles ar

19、e usually not used in an academic paper (especially in natural sciences), because they always include some redundant question words and marks, for example, “Is there.?” “When does.?” “Should the.?” “Is it.?” and so on. What is worse, such a title creates inconvenience for information retrieval. If y

20、our title really contains an interrogation, you may adopt the form of “the question words + infinitive,” for example, Essential Steps for Writing a Title Page: How to Prepare the Title, Authors/Affiliations and Keywords. The title When Should Nerve Gaps Be Grafted?, An Experimental Study on Rats sho

21、uld be changed into Optimal Time for Nerve Gaps Grafting: An Experimental Study on Rats.E. Being UnifiedThe parallel parts of a title should be grammatically symmetrical. That is to say, nouns should be matched with nouns, gerunds with gerunds, etc. In general, nouns and gerunds should not be mixed

22、in a given title. For instance, the title Digital Laser Microinterferometer and Its Applying should be changed into Digital Laser Microinterferometer and Its Applications and the title Measuring of Surface Shape and Deformation by Phase-Shifting Image Digital Holography should be replaced by Measure

23、ment of Surface Shape and Deformation by Phase-Shifting Image Digital Holography (2003 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers, 1267).F. Being StandardIn general, nonstandard abbreviations and symbols and/or any terms or phraseology intelligible only to the specialist should be avoided, b

24、ecause the use of them could be very unfavorable to efficient information retrieval.Prepositions used in titles should be correct. Prepositions are flexible. It should be noticed that they are usually used in some certain expressions. Preposition of should be paid more attention to because it is fre

25、quently used in some expressions. But readers will be bored if they find more than two ofs appearing in one title subsequently. If possible, prepositions on or for can replace of. Sometimes apostrophe can be used in a title. Additionally, with the development of language, it is common to use a noun

26、to modify another noun.Recently, titles tend to be brief. So articles should be omitted when they are not necessary enough.2.1.4 Some Other Requirements for TitlesA. Words Number LimitationGenerally, the number is limited within 10 words and shouldnt be over the limitation of 15 words. Certainly, th

27、e limitation is not absolute. If necessary, it can be exceeded. Here are only some referent figures. The general regulation is fixed: based on an accurate, brief and clear title, the fewer of the words we use, the better the title is.B. How to Name a TitleA title should give prominence to the centra

28、l idea of the research paper. The most important key words, which show the main idea of a paper, are normally fixed first in a title. That will draw readers attention.Recently, some authors like to crown a title with such words as:(1) Observation on, Comparison between, Improvement of, and etc. to s

29、how the aim of writing the paper.(2) Nuclear Energy in China, AIDS in the United States, Patients with Breast Cancer, Depression in Elderly, and etc. to tell readers the object of the research.(3) Experimental Study of Laser Processing of Analysis of, and etc. to tell the research method.(4) Results

30、 of, Verification of, Follow-up of, and etc. to show the result of the research.(5) Realizing the Importance of, Is Regression Analysis Necessary for. ? and etc. to introduce the thesis.It ought to be noticed that we should not apply the above expressions mechanically. But we should use them accordi

31、ng to the certain situation. In general, the ABC principles are applicable forever.C. Abbreviations in TitlesWith the development of science and technology, a great amount of technological terms come into being. All these terms consist of nouns. It is inconvenient to be written and printed or recoun

32、ted orally. Thus, they are expressed by the abbreviations of the formation of nouns, and most of them are the acronym formed by the first letter of every noun. But we should severely use the abbreviations in titles-only those abbreviations, whose full terms are rather long and which are generally acknowledged in the scientific field and very familiar to readers, can be used, such as:(1) LASER (light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation, 激光).(2) DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid, 脱氧核糖核酸).(3) AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome, 爱滋病(