1、MBAMPAMPACC联考英语词汇名词 MBA,MPA,MPACC联考英语词汇名词【mba加油站】一、名词的定义和分类名词是表示人或事物以及抽象概念名称的词。名词按照意义可分为普通名词(包括个体名词、集体名词、物质名词和抽象名词)和专有名词两大类:名词按照语法特征又可分为可数名词和不可数名词两大类;名词按构成可分为简单名词和复合名词。1. 普通名词和专有名词(1)普通名词1 )个体名词:指人或物的个体,如girl, dog, rose, desk, piece 等。2) 集体名词:指一群人或物的总称,如: audience, class, committee, company, family,
2、government, police, people, poetry, machinery 等。3) 物质名词:表示不能个别存在的物质形态,如:缸 wat叽cotton, sand,岛od, pape民wood, money 等。4) 抽象名词:表示人或物的品质、状态等抽象的概念,如education, knowledge,strength, happiness, honesty,企iendship, peace, information, philosophy 等。(2) 专有名词:表示特定的或者是独一无二的人或物,构成专有名词的实词首字母要大写,如Asia, Einstein, the G
3、reat Wal1, the Pacific, China Daily, the United Nations等。2. 可数名词和不可数名词(1)可数名词可数名词分单数和复数,单数前面可以用不定冠词a 或an ,复数前面可以加数词。个体名词和大多数有生命的集体名词是可数名词。a book(two) books an apple (five) apples a family (three) families(2) 不可数名词不可数名词只有单数形式,不能在前面加不定冠词a 或an,也不能加数词。专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词以及无生命的集体名词是不可数名词。Einstein is a famous
4、scientist.Water is important to human beings.Happiness lies in contentment.They have bought some new machinery.(3) 兼类名词可数与不可数的划分并不是绝对的,有些名词既可以是可数名词,也可以是不可数名词,表示不同的意义,但意义上有-定的联系。1 )物质名词个体名词chicken (鸡肉)a chicken (小鸡)chickensiron (铁)an iron (奥斗)ironsbeer (啤酒)a beer (一杯啤酒)beersfruit (水果)a fruit (一种水果)fr
5、uits2) 抽象名词个体名词beauty (美)a beauty (美人)beautiesroom (空间)a room (房间)roomsdifficulty (困难)a difficulty (一个难题)difficultiespower (权力)apower (强国)powersnoise (噪音)a noise (一阵噪音)noises3 )专有名词个体名词Smith (史密斯)a Smith (一个叫史密斯的人)SmithsLondon (伦敦)a London (一个像伦敦的城市)Londons3. 简单名词和复合名词(1)简单名词:由一个单词构成,如book, mother,
6、society, iron,teacher, happiness等。(2) 复合名词:由两个或两个以上的单词构成,有些复合名词中间有连字符,有些则没有。复合名词按照各组成部分的词性来分,主要有以下几种:1)名词+名词generation gap 代沟birth-control 人口控制2) 形容词+名词green1iouse 温室black tea 红茶3)动名词+名词drinking water 饮用水walking stick 拐杖4) 名词+动名词horse-riding 骑马sight-seeing 观光5) 名词+动词nightfall 黄昏watersupply 给水6) 动词+名
7、词swearword 骂人话breakwater 防波堤7) 动词+副词setup 体制,机构show-off 炫耀8) 副词+动词income 收入downfall 垮台9) 其他形式wel1-being 福利daughter-in-law )儿媳二、名词的语法功能名词可在句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语、宾(主)语补足语、状语、同位语等成分。1. 名词作主语、宾语The book s very nterestng.The boy broke his leg last week.He lost the game.2. 名词作表语、宾主)语补足语She is a liar.We cansder h
8、im a good teacher.He was apponted ambassador to Great Britain.3. 名词作定语名词作定语时通常要使用单数形式,如evening paper, night club,family tree,heart trouble, science ficton,jre wall 等,但有时也要用复数形式,如:sports car,careers gudance,savings bank 等。The winter vacation s coming.The world is faced with population explosion and e
9、nergy crisis.In American, people pay sales tax on many tems they buy.4. 名词作状语He stayed there (for) five days.The meeting lasted hours.5. 名词作同位语1, your father, should advise you about your marriage.He, afamous writer, is easy to get along wth.Ilike Hemingways works, especially The Old Man and the Se.
10、The daily necessities-that is clothes,food, water, etc.-were supplied.三、名词的数1. 可数名词的数(1)规则变化的可数名词复数形式1)大多数可数名词的复数是在单数名词后加s 。deskdesks daydays friendfriends computercomputers2) 以字母x, s, ch, sh 结尾的可数名词,在词尾加es。busbuses boxboxes watchwatches brushbrushes3) 以辅音字母加y 结尾的可数名词,改y 为i ,再加es。babybabies partypar
11、ties ladyladies4) 以字母f, fe 结尾的可数名词的复数形式5) 以字母o 结尾的可数名词的复数形式 6) 字母、数字和缩略词的复数形式aas 字母a s ses 字母s4four 4 s/4s 4个4 19901990s/1990s 20世纪90年代PP.P/pages 页 VIPVIPs/VIPs 大人物(2) 不规则变化的可数名词复数形式1 )有些单数名词通过改变内部元音变为复数形式。footfeet mousemice manmenwomanwomen goosegeese toothteethlouse-lice2) 单数名词通过词尾加en 变为复数形式。chldc
12、hildren oxoxen3) 一些外来词仍保留原语言中变化形式。crisiscrises analysisanalyses basisbasesmediummedia datumdata phenomenonphenomenabacteriumbacteria criterioncriteria formulaformulaeindexindices diagnosisdiagnoses stimulusstimuli2. 不可数名词的数一般来说,不可数名词只有单数形式,没有复数形式,但可以通过使用单位词的方式表示个体、群体、行为或状态。(1)用单位词表示个体。a piece/sheet
13、of paper a slice of meat/cake a loaf/piece of breada bar of chocolate/gold a cake of soap a lump of sugaraflash oflightning an article of clothing a cube of icea bottle of beer/juice a tin of beer a basket of fruita tube of toothpaste a handful of sand a drop/mouthful of watera grain of rice a kilo
14、of sugar a game of footballa piece of news/advice a species of insect a pair of shoes/jeans/socks(2) 用单位词表示群体,更多地用于复数可数名词。a crew of sailors a troop of soldiers a host of friendsa gang of thieves a crowd of people a pack of wolvesa flock of sheep/birds a school of whales a swarm of beesa herd of elep
15、hants a set of fumiture/equipment a shelf of booksa string of pearls a bouquet of flowers a bunch of grapes(3) 用单位词表示行为或状态。a ray of hope a fit of anger/coughing a burst of applausea f1ash of lightning a shower of criticism an attack of feveran act of kindness a stroke of luck a peal of laughter3. 复合
16、名词的数复合名词是由两个或两个以上的词构成的。有些复合名词中词与词之间用连字符连接,有的则不用。有些复合名词是可数名词,因此也有复数形式。(1)名词+名词构成的复合名词,将第二个名词变成复数。traffic lighttraffic lights blood type blood typesman-eater man-eaters hair-style hair-stylesshoemakershoemakers footmanfootmen(2) 名词+介词+名词构成的复合名词,将第一个名词变成复数。son-in-lawsons-in-law editor-in-chief-editors-
17、in-chiefman-of-war men-of-war comrade-in-armscomrades-in-arms(3) 其他词类+名词构成的复合名词,将名词变成复数。greenhousegreenhouses reading-roomreading-roomsdarkroomdark-rooms looker-onlookers-onrunner-uprunners-up bride-to-bebrides-to-be(4) 其他词类构成的复合名词,通常把最后一个词变成复数。go-betweengo-betweens grown-upgrown-upsstand-bystand-by
18、s good-fornotbinggood-for-nothingsgettogetherget-togethers outlook outlooksincome incomes hold-up hold-upsforget-me-notforget-me-nots touch-me-nottouch-me-nots(5) 由man 或woman 构成的复合名词,要把两个词都变成复数。manservantmen-servants woman doctor women doctors【注意 lady doctorlady doctors girl friend girl friends4. 单复
19、数形式相同的名词的数有些名词单复数形式相同,既可用作单数,也可用作复数。sheep sheep deer deer aircraftaircrafmeans means series series works worksspecies species fish fish Chinese Chinese5. 只有复数形式的名词的数可数名词都有单复数之分,但有些名词只有复数形式,表示复数意义。(1)由两部分组成的东西的名词scissors 剪刀trousers 裤子compasses 圆规shorts 短裤glasses 眼镜shockings 袜子scales 天平spectac1es 眼镜pa
20、nts 裤子(2) 一些词尾为-ings 的名词savings 储蓄findings 调查结果surroundings 环境earnings 薪水belongings 所有物lodgings 住所tidings 消息takings 收入greetings 问候writings 著作pickngs 好处、利益doings 所作所为(3)其他以复数形式出现的名词这些名词在表示某个特定的意义时,只有复数形式。remains 遗体(址) outskirts 市郊arms 武器clothes 衣服ashes 骨灰customs 关税stairs 楼梯thanks 谢意waters 水(海)域brains
21、 头脑sands 沙滩contents 目录damages 赔偿金greens 蔬菜 troops 部队looks 相貌trons 镣铐 papers文件 regards 问候 valuable 贵重物品minutes 会议记录 goods货物 terms 条件 funds资金manners 礼貌 sprits 情绪 letters文学 times 时代4、名词的格英语的名词有三个格:主格、宾格和所有格,其中主格和宾格形式相同,称为通格。名词所有格表示所有关系,由名词加s 构成。1. 名词所有格的构成(1)大多数单数名词和不规则变化的复数名词的所有格是由名词词尾加s 构成的。Mr. Smith
22、 s house the boy s book men s work my children s toys(2) 以s 结尾的单数名词在词尾加s 或只加“”。Dickens(s) novels the actress(s) performance Jones(s) plays(3)以s 结尾的规则变化的复数名词的所有格是由名词加咐构成的。the students reading room the Smiths house the hens eggs(4) 复合名词或名词短语的所有格是在最后一个词尾加s 构成的。her brother-in-laws car the Government of
23、Chinas po1icysomebody elses problem Mary and Janes roomMarys and Janes rooms=Marys room and Janes2. 名词所有格的用法(1)名词所有格除用于人以外,还可以用于高等动物及某些低等动物。the dogs bark the cats paw a birds nest a bees sting(2) 名词所有格用于表示时间、度量、国家、城市、价值、自然现象、由人组成的集体等无生命的名词。todays newspaper five minutes walk a pounds weight Chinas po
24、pulationLondons weather a dollars worth the suns energy the governments policy(3)名词所有格用于表示建筑、家、店铺、学院等,所有格后面的名词可以省略。my grandfathers (home) her ancles (home)St. Pouls (Cathedral) Queens(College)the barbers/bakers/tailors/butchers (shop) the dentists(office)(4) 名词所有格用于特指和类指。当所有格中的名词表示某一特定的人或物时,所有格表示特指的
25、意义,可以用of属格代替;当所有格中的名词表示某类人或物时,就具有了类指的意义,有时可用形容词代替。有些名词所有格既可以表示特指,又可以表示类指。a girls love=the love of a girlher mothers friend=the friend of her motherour dogs life=our miserable lifea drivers license=the license of a driver ( 特指,意为“一个司机的执照”)a drivers license=a driving license(类指,意为一个驾驶执照”)【注意为避免与特指的名词所
26、有格用法相混淆,类指的名词所有格有时省略“”,变成通格形式。a countrys dance=a country dance the travelers check=the traveler checkthe doctors degree= the doctor degree a dogs bone=a dog boneconsumers goods=consumer goods the states policy=the state policyfive years struggle= five years struggle her students life= her student li
27、femens room= men room a teachers college= a teachers college(5) 名词所有格用于一些习惯用语。a stone s throw 一石之地 to one s hearl s content 尽情地at wits end 黔驴计穷 for Gods sake 看在上帝的份儿上in one s minds eye 在,心目中 by a hairs breath 千钧一发a birds eye view 鸟瞰 for healths sake 为了健康3. 表示所有关系的其他用法( 1 ) of所有格的用法1)用于无生命的名词。the cov
28、er of a magazine the color ofher dress the leg of the tablethe inside ofthe box the cost ofliving the price of success2) 名词或代词后有后置定语时,要用of 所有格。the suggestion ofthose present at the meetingthe name of the girl standing at the gatethe book of the boy behind the door3 )由定冠词加分词或形容词构成的表示一类人或物的名词后要用of 所有格
29、。the living condition of the unemployedthe education of the young注意】表示人、动物、时间、机构、组织等名词后往往可以用of 所有格代替特指的名词所有格。Dickens s works=the works of DickensFriday s party=the party of Fridaythe government s plan=the plan of the governmenta dogs bark=the bark of a dogthe country s safety=the safety of the country(2) 双重所有格“of+s”结构叫做双重所有格。如果被修饰的名词前有不定冠词、数词、不定限定词等,其后的定语要用双重所有格形式,of后面只能接特指的指人的名词或名词性物主代词。由双重所有格修饰的名词与指示限定词this,that连用时,表示爱憎、褒贬
copyright@ 2008-2022 冰豆网网站版权所有
经营许可证编号:鄂ICP备2022015515号-1