考研全国硕士研究生招生考试一真题.docx

1、考研全国硕士研究生招生考试一真题2018 年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语一试题Directions:Section I Use of EnglishRead the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) Trust is a tricky business. On the one hand, its a necessary condition 1 manyworthwhile things: chi

2、ld care, friendships, etc. On the other hand, putting your 2 in the wrong place often carries a high 3 . 4 , why do we trust at all? Well, because it feels good. 5 people place their trust in an individual or an institution, their brains release oxytocin, a hormone that 6 pleasurable feelings and tr

3、iggers the herding instinct that prompts humans to 7 with one another. Scientists have found that exposure 8 this hormone puts us in a trusting 9 : In a Swiss study, researchers sprayed oxytocin into the noses of half the subjects; those subjects were ready to lend signicantly higher amounts of mone

4、y to strangers than were their 10 who inhaled something else. 11 for us, we also have a sixth sense for dishonesty that may 12 us. A Canadian study found that children as young as 14 months can dierentiate 13 a credible person and a dishonest one. Sixty toddlers were each 14 to an adult tester holdi

5、ng a plastic container. The tester would ask, “Whats in here?” before looking into the container, smiling, and exclaiming, “Wow!” Each subject was then invited to look 15 . Half of them found a toy; the other half 16 the container was emptyand realized the tester had 17 them. Among the children who

6、had not been tricked, the majority were 18 to cooperate with thetester in learning a new skill, demonstrating that they trusted his leadership. 19 , only ve ofthe 30 children paired with the “ 20 “ tester participated in a follow-up activity.1.A from2.A attentionB forB concernC likeC faithD onD inte

7、rest3. A benetB priceC debtD hope4. A AgainB InsteadC ThereforeD Then5. A WhenB UnlessC AlthoughD Until6. A selectsB appliesC producesD maintains7. A connectB competeC consultD compare8. A byB toCofD at9. A contextB circleC periodD mood10.A counterpartsB colleaguesC substitutesD supporters11.A OddB

8、FunnyC LuckyD Ironic12.A protectB delightC surpriseD monitor13.A overB withinC towardD between14.A addedB transferredC introducedD entrusted15.A outB insideC backD around16.A provedB rememberedC insistedD discovered17.A fooledB mockedC betrayedD wronged18.A forcedB willingC hesitantD entitled19.A On

9、 the wholeB As a resultC For instanceD In contrast20.A incapableB inexibleC unreliableD unsuitableSection II Reading ComprehensionPart A Directions:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1 A

10、mong the annoying challenges facing the middle class is one that will probably go unmentioned in the next presidential campaign: What happens when the robots come for their jobs? Dont dismiss that possibility entirely. About half of U.S. jobs are at high risk of being automated, according to a Unive

11、rsity of Oxford study, with the middle class disproportionately squeezed. Lower-income jobs like gardening or day care dont appeal to robots. But many middle-class occupationstrucking, nancial advice, software engineeringhave aroused their interest, or soon will. The rich own the robots, so they wil

12、l be ne. This isnt to be alarmist. Optimists point out that technological upheaval has beneted workers in the past. The Industrial Revolution didnt go so well for Luddites whose jobs were displaced by mechanized looms, but it eventually raised living standards and created more jobs than it destroyed

13、. Likewise, automation should eventually boost productivity, stimulate demandby driving down prices, and free workers from hard, boring work. But in the medium term, middle-class workers may need a lot of help adjusting. The rst step, as Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee argue in The Second Machin

14、e Age, should be rethinking education and job training. Curriculumsfrom grammar school to collegeshould evolve to focus less on memorizing facts and more on creativity and complex communication. Vocational schools should do a better job of fostering problem-solving skills and helping students work a

15、longside robots. Online education can supplement the traditional kind. It could make extra training and instruction aordable. Professionals trying to acquire new skills will be able to do so without going into debt. The challenge of coping with automation underlines the need for the U.S. to revive i

16、ts fading business dynamism: Starting new companies must be made easier. In previous eras of drastic technological change, entrepreneurs smoothed the transition by dreaming up ways to combine labor and machines. The best uses of 3D printers and virtual reality havent been invented yet. The U.S. need

17、s the new companies that will invent them. Finally, because automation threatens to widen the gap between capital income and labor income, taxes and the safety net will have to be rethought. Taxes on low-wage labor need to be cut, and wage subsidies such as the earned income tax credit should be exp

18、anded: This would boost incomes, encourage work, reward companies for job creation, and reduce inequality. Technology will improve society in ways big and small over the next few years, yet this will be little comfort to those who find their lives and careers upended by automation. Destroying the ma

19、chines that are coming for our jobs would be nuts. But policies to help workers adapt will be indispensable.21.Who will be most threatened by automation?ALeading politicians.BLow-wage laborers.CRobot owners.DMiddle-class workers.22.Which of the following best represents the authors view?AWorries abo

20、ut automation are in fact groundless.BOptimists opinions on new tech nd little support.CIssues arising from automation need to be tackled.DNegative consequences of new tech can be avoided.23.Education in the age of automation should put more emphasis onAcreative potential.Bjob-hunting skills.Cindivi

21、dual needs.Dcooperative spirit.24.The author suggests that tax policies be aimed atAencouraging the development of automation.Bincreasing the return on capital investment.Ceasing the hostility between rich and poor.Dpreventing the income gap from widening.25.In this text, the author presents a probl

22、em withAopposing views on it.Bpossible solutions to it.Cits alarming impacts.Dits major variations.Text 2 A new survey by Harvard University finds more than two-thirds of young Americans disapprove of President Trumps use of Twitter. The implication is that Millennials prefer news from the White Hou

23、se to be ltered through other sources, not a presidents social media platform. Most Americans rely on social media to check daily headlines. Yet as distrust has risen toward all media, people may be starting to beef up their media literacy skills. Such a trend is badly needed. During the 2016 presid

24、ential campaign, nearly a quarter of web content shared by Twitter users in the politically critical state of Michigan was fake news, according to the University of Oxford. And a survey conducted for BuzzFeed News found 44 percent of Facebook users rarely or never trust news from the media giant. Yo

25、ung people who are digital natives are indeed becoming more skillful at separating fact from ction in cyberspace. A Knight Foundation focus-group survey of young people between ages 14 and 24 found they use “distributed trust” to verify stories. They cross-check sources and prefer news from differen

26、t perspectivesespecially those that are open about any bias.“Many young people assume a great deal of personal responsibility for educating themselves and actively seeking out opposing viewpoints,” the survey concluded. Such active research can have another eect. A 2014 survey conducted in Australia

27、, Britain, and the United States by the University of Wisconsin-Madison found that young peoples reliance on social media led to greater political engagement. Social media allows users to experience news events more intimately and immediately while also permitting them to re-share news as a projecti

28、on of their values and interests. This forces users to be more conscious of their role in passing along information. A survey by Barna research group found the top reason given by Americans for the fake news phenomenon is“reader error,” more so than made-up stories or factual mistakes in reporting.

29、About a third say the problem of fake news lies in “misinterpretation or exaggeration of actual news” via social media. In other words, the choice to share news on social media may be the heart of the issue.“This indicates there is a real personal responsibility in counteracting this problem,” says

30、Roxanne Stone, editor in chief at Barna Group. So when young people are critical of an over-tweeting president, they reveal a mental discipline in thinking skillsand in their choices on when to share on social media.26.According to Paragraphs 1 and 2, many young Americans cast doubt onAthe justicati

31、on of the news-ltering practice.Bpeoples preference for social media platforms.Cthe administrations ability to handle information.Dsocial media as a reliable source of news.27.The phrase “beef up” (Para. 2) is closest in meaning toAboast.Bdene.Csharpen.Dshare.28.According to the Knight Foundation survey, young people