流体动力学.docx

1、流体动力学流体动力学 连续介质力学介质流体质点无粘性流体连续介质假设流体运动学水静力学液体静力学支配方程伯努利方程伯努利定理 毕奥- 萨伐尔定律 欧拉方程 亥姆霍兹定理 开尔文定理 涡片 库塔 - 茹可夫斯基条件fluid dynamicsmechanics of continuous mediamediumfluid particlenonviscous fluid, inviscidfluidcontinuous medium hypothesis fluid kinematicshydrostaticshydrostaticsgoverning equationBernoulli equ

2、ationBernonlli theoremBiot-Savart lawEuler equationHelmholtz theoremKelvin theoremvortex sheetKutta-Zhoukowski condition达朗贝尔佯廖dAlembert paradox雷诺数Reynolds number施特鲁哈尔数Strouhal number随体导数material derivative不可压缩流体incompressible fluid质量守恒conservation of mass动量守恒conservation of momentum能量守恒conservation

3、of energy动量方程momentum equation能量方程energy equation控制体积control volume液体静压hydrostatic pressure涡量拟能enstrophy压差differential pressure流动flow流线stream line流面stream surface流管stream tube迹线path, path line流场flow field流态flow regime流动参量flow parameter流量flow rate, flow discharge涡旋vortex涡量vorticity涡丝vortex filament涡线

4、vortex line涡面vortex surface涡层vortex layer涡环vortex ring涡对vortex pair涡管vortex tube涡街vortex street卡门涡街Karman vortex street马蹄涡horseshoe vortex对流涡胞convective cell卷筒涡胞roll cell涡eddy涡粘性eddy viscosity环流circulation环量circulation速度环量velocity circulation偶极子doublet, dipole驻点stagnation point总压 力total pressure总压头t

5、otal head静压头static head总焓total enthalpy能量输运energy transport速度剖面velocity profile库埃特流Couette flow单相流single phase flow单组份流single-component flow均匀流uniform flow非均匀流nonuniform flow二维流two-dimensional flow三维流three-dimensional flow准定常流quasi-steady flow非定常流unsteady flow, non-steadyflow暂态流transient flow周期流peri

6、odic flow振荡流oscillatory flow分层流stratified flow无旋流irrotational flow有旋流rotational flow轴对称流axisymmetric flow不可压缩性incompressibility不可压缩流 动 incompressible flow浮体floating body定倾中心metacenter阻力drag, resistance减阻drag reduction表面力surface force表面张力surface tension毛细 管 作用capillarity来流incoming flow自由流free stream自

7、由流线free stream line外流external flow进口entrance, inlet出口exit, outlet扰动disturbance, perturbation分布distribution传播propagation色散dispersion弥散dispersion附加质量added mass ,associated mass收缩contraction镜象法image method无量纲参数dimensionless parameter几何相似geometric similarity运动相似kinematic similarity动力相似 性 dynamic similar

8、ity平面流plane flow势potential势流potential flow速度势velocity potential复势complex potential复速度complex velocity流函数stream function源source汇sink速度 水 头velocity head拐角流corner flow空泡流cavity flow超空泡supercavity超空泡流supercavity flow空气动力学aerodynamics低速空气动力学low-speed aerodynamics高速空气动力学high-speed aerodynamics气动热力学aerothe

9、rmodynamics亚声速流 动 subsonic flow跨声速流 动 transonic flow超声速流 动 supersonic flow锥形流conical flow楔流wedge flow叶栅流cascade flow非平衡流 动 non-equilibrium flow细长体slender body细长度slenderness钝头体bluff body钝体blunt body翼型airfoil翼弦chord薄翼理论thin-airfoil theory构型configuration后缘trailing edge迎角angle of attack失速stall脱体激波detach

10、ed shock wave波阻wave drag诱导阻力induced drag诱导速度induced velocity临界雷诺数critical Reynolds number前缘涡leading edge vortex附着涡bound vortex约束涡confined vortex气动中心aerodynamic center气动力aerodynamic force气动噪声aerodynamic noise气动加热aerodynamic heating离解dissociation地面效应ground effect气体动力学gas dynamics稀疏波rarefaction wave热状态

11、方程thermal equation of state喷管Nozzle普朗特- 迈耶流Prandtl-Meyer flow瑞利流Rayleigh flow可压缩流 动 compressible flow可压缩流体compressible fluid绝热流adiabatic flow非绝热流diabatic flow未扰动流等熵流 匀熵流兰金- 于戈尼奥条件 状态方程 量热状态方程 完全气体 拉瓦尔喷管 马赫角 马赫锥 马赫线 马赫数 马赫波 当地马赫数 冲击波 激波 正激波 斜激波 头波 附体激波 激波阵面 激波层undisturbed flow isentropic flow homoent

12、ropic flow Rankine-Hugoniot condition equation of state caloric equation of state perfect gas Laval nozzle Mach angle Mach cone Mach line Mach number Mach wave local Mach number shock wave shock wave normal shock wave oblique shock wave bow wave attached shock wave shock front shock layer压缩波compress

13、ion wave反射reflection折射refraction散射scattering衍射diffraction绕射diffraction出口压力exit pressure超压 强over pressure反压back pressure爆炸explosion爆轰detonation缓燃deflagration水动力学hydrodynamics液体动力学hydrodynamics泰勒不稳定性Taylor instability盖斯特纳波Gerstner wave斯托克斯波Stokes wave瑞利数Rayleigh number自由面free surface波速wave speed, wave

14、 velocity波高wave height波列wave train波群 波能 表面波 表面张力波 规则波 不规则波 浅水波 深水波 重力波 椭圆余弦波 潮波 涌波 破碎波 船波 非线性波 孤立子 水动 力 噪声 水击 空化 空化数 空蚀 超空化流wave group wave energy surface wave capillary wave regular wave irregular wave shallow water wave deep water wave gravity wave cnoidal wave tidal wave surge wave breaking wave

15、ship wave nonlinear wave soliton hydrodynamic noise water hammer cavitation cavitation number cavitation damage supercavitating flow水翼hydrofoil水力学hydraulics洪水波flood wave涟漪ripple消能energy dissipation海洋水动力学marine hydrodynamics谢齐公式Chezy formula欧拉数Euler number弗劳德数Froude number水力半径hydraulic radius水力坡度hvdr

16、aulic slope高度水头elevating head水头损失head loss水位water level水跃hydraulic jump含水层aquifer排水drainage排放量discharge壅水曲线back water curve压强水 头pressure head过水断面flow cross-section明槽流open channel flow孔流orifice flow无压流free surface flow有压流pressure flow缓流subcritical flow急流supercritical flow渐变流gradually varied flow急变流ra

17、pidly varied flow临界流critical flow异重流density current, gravityflow堰流weir flow掺气流aerated flow含沙流sediment-laden stream降水曲线dropdown curve沉积物sediment, deposit沉降堆 积sedimentation, deposition沉降速度settling velocity流动稳定性flow stability不稳定性instability奥尔- 索末菲方程Orr-Sommerfeld equation涡量方程vorticity equation泊肃叶流Poise

18、uille flow奥辛流Oseen flow剪切流shear flow粘性流动viscous flow层流laminar flow分离流separated flow二次流secondary flow近场流near field flow远场流far field flow滞止流stagnation flow尾流wake flow回流back flow反流reverse flow射流jet自由射流free jet管流pipe flow, tube flow内流internal flow拟序结构coherent structure猝发过程bursting process表观粘度apparent vi

19、scosity运动粘性kinematic viscosity动力粘性dynamic viscosity泊poise厘泊centipoise厘沱centistoke剪切层shear layer次层sublayer流动分离flow separation层流分离laminar separation湍流分离turbulent separation分离点separation point附着点attachment point再附reattachment再层流化relaminarization起动涡starting vortex驻涡standing vortex涡旋破碎vortex breakdown涡旋脱

20、落vortex shedding压力降pressure drop压差阻力pressure drag压力能pressure energy型阻profile drag滑移速度slip velocity无滑移条件non-slip condition壁剪应力skin friction, frictionaldrag壁剪切速度磨擦损失 磨擦因子 耗散 滞后相似性解局域相似气体润滑 液体动力润滑 浆体泰勒数 纳维- 斯托克斯方程 牛顿流体 边界层理论 边界层方程边界层 附面层 层流边界层 湍流边界层 温度边界层 边界层转捩friction velocity friction loss friction f

21、actor dissipation lag similar solution local similarity gas lubrication hydrodynamic lubrication slurryTaylor number Navier-Stokes equation Newtonian fluid boundary later theory boundary layer equation boundary layer boundary layer laminar boundary layer turbulent boundary layer thermal boundary lay

22、er boundary layer transition边界层分离boundary layer separation边界层厚度boundary layer thickness位移厚度displacement thickness动量厚度momentum thickness能量厚度energy thickness焓厚度enthalpy thickness注入injection吸出suction泰勒涡Taylor vortex速度亏损律velocity defect law形状因子shape factor测速法anemometry粘度测定法viscosi metry流动显示flow visualiz

23、ation油烟显示oil smoke visualization孔板流量计orifice meter频率响应frequency response油膜显示oil film visualization阴影法shadow method纹影法schlieren method烟丝法smoke wire method丝线法tuft method氢泡法nydrogen bubble method相似理论similarity theory相似律similarity law部分相似partial similarity定理pi theorem, Buckinghamtheorem静态 校准static calib

24、ration动态校准dynamic calibration风洞wind tunnel激波管shock tube激波管风洞shock tube wind tunnel水洞water tunnel拖曳水池towing tank旋臂水池rotating arm basin扩散段diffuser测压孔pressure tap皮托管pitot tube普雷斯顿管preston tube斯坦顿管Stanton tube文丘里管Venturi tubeU形管U-tube压强计manometer微压计micromanometer多管压强计multiple manometer静压管static pressure

25、tube流速计anemometer风速管Pitot- static tube激光多普勒测速计laser Doppler anemometer,laser Doppler velocimeter热线流速计hot-wire anemometer热膜流速计hot- film anemometer流量计flow meter粘度计viscosi meter涡量计vorticity meter传感器transducer, sensor压强传感器pressure transducer热敏电阻thermistor示踪物tracer时间线time line脉线streak line尺度效应scale effec

26、t壁效应wall effect堵塞blockage堵寒效应blockage effect动态响应dynamic response响应频率response frequency底压base pressure菲克定律Fick law巴塞特力Basset force埃克特数Eckert number格拉斯霍夫数Grashof number努塞特数Nusselt number普朗特数prandtl number雷诺比拟Reynolds analogy施密特数schmidt number斯坦顿数Stanton number对流convection自由对流natural convection, freeco

27、nvec-tion强迫对流forced convection热对流heat convection质量传递mass transfer传质系数mass transfer coefficient热量传递heat transfer传热系数heat transfer coefficient对流传热convective heat transfer辐射传热radiative heat transfer动量交换momentum transfer能量传递energy transfer传导conduction热传导conductive heat transfer热交换heat exchange临界热通量critical heat flux浓度concentration扩散diffusion扩散性diffusivity扩散率diffusivity扩散速度diffusion velocity分子扩散molecular diffusion沸腾boiling蒸发evaporation气化