第六讲 非谓语动词.docx

1、第六讲 非谓语动词第六讲 非谓语动词一、 总说：1. 概念：不能在句中单独做谓语的动词形式，在句中起名词、形容词或副词作用。2. 时态和语态：非谓语的时态和语态是相对的，要选择正确的非谓语形式，必须找准参照物，牢记一句口诀：_。3. 分类: to do，v-ing和v-ed。4. 否定形式：在非谓语标志性的单词前加not,即在to, v-ing或v-ed前面加not。二、不定式：不定式的时态：参照物是_，须比较二者的_关系。 一般式 to do: 表示的动作和谓语动词动作_或发生在谓语动词动作_。e.g. He decided to go with us.I hope to see you n

2、ext week.进行式 to be doing: 表示的动作和谓语动词动作_。e.g.The boy pretended to be working hard.He seems to be reading in his room.完成式 to have done: 表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作_。e.g. Im sorry to have interrupted you.比较该句和Im sorry to interrupt you.的区别：不定式的语态：参照物是_，须比较二者的_关系。e.g. a. The library _ next year is very beautiful. (bu

3、ild)b. The room seems _ already. (tidy up)注：在easy, hard, difficult, pleasant, interesting等形容词后的不定式由于往往能补充出for sb.（即动作的发出者）, 所以通常使用主动形式：e.g. a. The water is not fit to drink. b. The chair is comfortable to sit on. c. The problem is difficult to deal with.某些动词的不定式作表语，需用主动形式表被动含义：e.g. a. Parents are to

4、 blame if their children do not have good manners. b. The house is to let. 不定式的句法功能：动词不定式除了不能单独作谓语外，几乎能充当句子中所有的句子成分。1. 做主语，起名词的作用：e.g. a. To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard. b. To lose heart means failure.动词不定式(短语)作主语时，常用it代替它作形式主语，例如上面两句可用如下形式： It is very hard to finish the work in ten

5、minutes. It means failure to lose heart.不定式和动名词做主语的区别: 动名词做主语往往表示抽象的、一般的行为或动作，时间概念不强；不定式做主语常表示某次具体的行为或动作。e.g. a. Doing sports is good for peoples health. b. To do too much exercise is not good for him as he has a heart illness. c. 比较like doing/like to do, prefer doing/prefer to do的区别：2. 不定式作表语：(1) 表

6、示主语的具体内容。a. His wish is to become a scientist.b. The duty of a postman is to deliver letters and newspapers.注意：主语部分有实义动词do 时，表语中可以省略to。 What he did first was (to) walk up to his friend and hug him. (2) “be to do”还可以表示不同的情态意义。 a. Children are not to smoke. (禁止)b. They are to marry next week. (安排)c. Y

7、ou must be patient and persistent if you are to succeed. (决心或愿望) d. Man is to live a better life in the next century. (事态发展或预期的结果)3.不定式做宾语:(1) 常见接不定式做宾语的动词：afford, agree, aim, appear, arrange, begin, choose, come, dare, decide, demand, desire, determine, expect, fail, happen, help, hope, learn, long

8、, manage, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, seem, tend, want, wish等。 注意: demand/hope只能接to do 不能接sb. to do。 (2) 形式宾语： feel/find/judge/ make/think/ believe/consider + it + adj./n. +to do sth.翻译：a. 互联网的普及使得人们的沟通变得方便又快捷。b. 我认为保护环境是每一个人的义务。(3) 在表示“希望、打算”等动词(如hope, expect, intend, mean, want

9、等)的过去式后，可接动词不定式的完成式来表示没有实现的动作。e.g. We meant to have stayed there a week. (= We had meant to stay there a week.)4.不定式作宾语补足语:(1) v.+ sb.+ to do 常见动词：allow, ask, advise, beg, cause, encourage, expect, forbid, force, get, order, permit, persuade, teach, tell, want, warn, wish.(2) v.+ sb./sth.+ to be + a

10、dj./n.: 该句型中，to be常常省略。常见动词：believe, consider, find, feel, imagine, judge, know, prove, think, suppose, understande.g. a. He judged her (to be) a thief. b. We all consider the film (to be) interesting. 5. 不定式作定语:(1) 不定式做定语，放在所修饰的名词或代词后，相当于一个定语从句，表明动作即将发生。e.g. a. The conference to take place next mon

11、th will certainly be a great success. b. The library to be built next year is very beautiful.(2) 动词不定式作定语，注意以下几点： to do和to be done做定语的区别：a. I have a letter to post. b. I have a letter to be posted.c. Boss, do you have any papers _? (type)如果该不定式是不及物动词，其后应有必要的介词。e.g. a. She has a big house to live in.

12、 b. The lonely man has no one to talk to. c. At that time she could find no one to turn to.但：She has no place to live.the first, the second, the last, the best, the only thing 等常跟不定式作定语。翻译：a. 他总是我们班第一个到教室的人。b. 这次他是我们班唯一一个通过考试的人。6. 不定式做状语：表示目的：不定式作目的状语时，一般放在句尾；有时如表示强调，也可置于句首。置于句尾时，可以和in order to do/s

13、o as to do 替换, 但置于句首时不能用so as to do替换。不定式做目的状语时，否定式不能用not + to do, 必须用in order not + to do 或so as not to do。e.g. a. I opened the window to let some fresh air in. b. In order to catch the train, they took a taxi. c. Lets hurry so as not to be late for the meeting.注：在英语中，目的一般用不定式表示，不用for + doing这一形式。e

14、.g. We went to the store to buy a book. or: We went to the store for a book.作结果状语。不定式表示结果常见于下列句型：only to do; so as to do; such as to do; enough to do; too to do。e.g. a. What have I said_ you so angry? A. made B. makes C. making D. to makeb. The news reporters hurried to the airport, only to be told

15、the film stars had left. (表示出乎意料的结果)c. Would you be so kind as to help me carry the big bag for me? 表示原因：常放在glad, happy, nice, generous, kind, selfish, silly等后面表示引发某种情绪的原因。e.g. a. Im too happy to hear that. b. We were surprised to hear the news. c. You were silly not to have locked your car.置于句首，作独立

16、成分，如to tell (you) the truth, to be honest/frank, to begin/start/end with, to conclude, to make it short, to make things/matters/it worse。e.g. a. To tell you the truth, I dont like the way he talked.b. The lift of the building was out of work. To make it worse, when I hurried to the car park, I found

17、 I had left the key in my home.不定式的逻辑主语:1. 句子的主语就是不定式的逻辑主语。 I have much to do. . 当句子的主语不是不定式的逻辑主语时，需要加上逻辑主语(for/of sb.), 构成不定式的复合结构。在Its + adj. + for sb. to do sth.结构中，形容词往往表示事物的性质。e.g. a. It is important for us to study English. b. It is easy for us to get the latest information. 在 Its + adj. + of

18、sb. to do sth.结构中，形容词通常表示人物的性格和特征。e.g. Its nice of you to give me so much help. (=You are nice to give me so much help.) 不定式的几点补充：1. 据说类句型: sb./sth. + is said/reported/believed/thought/considered+ to do/to be doing/to have done sth. = It is said/reported/believed/thought/consideredthat sb./sth. will

19、 do/is doing/has done sth.翻译：a. 据说他曾经去过很多国家。He is said _.It is said _.b. 据报道这个歌星下周要到成都来。The pop singer is said_.It is reported _.2. 疑问词 + to do sth.: 该结构常在句中充当一个名词的作用，做主语、宾语、表语等成分。e.g. a. How to stop polluting the rivers is a big problem.b. I really dont know what to do with/how to deal with my old

20、computer.c. In the face of the first crossroads of my life I was wondering where to go.3. 不定式的省略：(1) to的省略：在下列结构中常用省to不定式：a. had better do sth. b. would rather do sth.c. have nothing to do but do sth.do/did/does/doing/done nothing but do sth.但：have no choice/option/alternative but to do sth.感官动词和使役动

21、词后须接省to不定式, 但这种句式在变为被动语态时应带to。如see, watch, notice, hear, make, have, let等。e.g. Though he had often made his little sister cry, today he was made to cry by his little sister.help 后的不定式做宾语或宾补时to可以省略, 即：help (to) do sth./help sb. (to) do sth. e.g. Id like to help him (to) work out the problem. (2) to后面

22、的省略：有时为了避免重复，不定式to后面的do sth.可以省略，但是to必须保留：e.g. a. I shall leave if you wish me to. b. If you wish/want/like to, I would like to treat you to tea this evening. c. He is such a silent person that he seldom says anything unless _. (speak) d. -Does he go to school on foot? -No, but he used to.当to后面是be或完

23、成时态标志词have的时候，_。e.g. a. -Is he a lazy student? -No, but he used to be. b. -Did he attend the party last night? -Hed _, but he was very busy.A. like to B. love to have C. like to have attended D. love to attend it 三、V-ing：V-ing的时态和语态：（回忆下前面讲述的口诀？）一般式 doing / being done:可以表示一般的动作、和谓语动作同时发生、在之前发生或之后发生几

24、种情况。e.g. a. Being careless is not a good habit, whatever you do. (一般动作)b. The students surrounded the teacher, listening attentively to her story. （同时发生）c. Hearing the news, the poor little girl burst into tears. （之前发生，强调_）d. The doctor insisted on giving up smoking and taking plenty of exercise. (之

25、后发生)完成式 having done / having been done：表示的动作放生在_。e.g. a. I still remember _ to the sea for the first time. (take) b. _ the letter, he folded it and put it into the envelope. (finish) c. _ from other continents for ages, Australia has many unique creatures. (separate)注：某些V-ing可用一般式也可以用表示完成式表示动作发生在谓语动

26、作之前：e.g. a. remember/forget doing sth.= remember/forget having done sth. b. Thank you for giving/having given us so much help. V-ing的否定式：not + v-inge.g. a. I feel very disappointed at _ to enter the room. (not allow) b. _ the homework, the boy had to stay at home. A. Having not finished B. Not havin

27、g finishedC. Not to finish D. Not finishingV-ing的复合结构：带有逻辑主语的-ing形式成为-ing的复合结构，在句中可以做主语、宾语或表语。其中，做主语或表语时，逻辑主语只能使用名词的所有格或物主代词；做宾语时，名词所有格和普通格、代词主格和宾格均可。翻译：a. 他前来帮忙大大鼓舞了我们。b. 使他很苦恼的是没有被允许进入会场。What troubled him most is _.c. 你是否介意他/Tom开窗户？Would you mind _ the window?d. 你很难想象如此小的男孩能在这么短时间完成任务。You can hard

28、ly imagine _ the task so soon. e. 医生建议我每天坚持锻炼。（用两种方法翻译） V-ing的句法功能:V-ing在句子中可以作主语、宾语、表语、宾补、主补、定语或状语等成分。1.作主语：e.g. a. Shaking ones head means “no” and nodding means “yes”. b. Its fun playing with children.常用it 作形式主语，把V-ing置于句尾的句型有：a. Its no use/good doing sth. b. Its useful/useless doing sth. 2. 作表语：

29、V-ing为动名词时，主语与表语通常是对等关系，可互换位置。e.g. a. Your task is learning English well. b. What I hate most is being laughed at. c. Seeing is believing.V-ing为现在分词时，表示主语的某种性质或状态。e.g. What the teacher said is very encouraging.3. 作宾语:(1) 作动词的宾语：有些动词只能用V-ing作宾语，常见这类动词包括：admit (to), advise, allow, appreciate, avoid, consider, delay , deny, enjoy, escape, encourage, finish, forbid, imagine, keep, mention, mind, miss, practice, permit, resist, risk, suggest, understand 等，其中有些可用sb./sth. doing 结构。注意:A. advise, allow, forbid, permit , encourage可用不定式作宾语补足语。e.g. We dont allow smo