完全版英语词汇学名词解释.docx

1、完全版英语词汇学名词解释第一章 word令狐采学1.Word A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic funtion. 第三章 formation 11. Morpheme A morpheme is the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words. 2. Allomorph Some morphemes are realized by more than one morph acc

2、ording to their position in a word. Such alternative morphs are know as allomorphs.3. Free morphemes (Free root) They are morphemes which are independent of other morphemes.4. Bound Morphemes They are morphemes which cannot occur as separate words.5. Bound root A bound root is that part of the word

3、that carries the fundamental meaning just like a free root. Unlike a free root, it is a bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make words.6. Affixes Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function. 7. Inflectional affixes Affixes attaches to

4、 the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are known as inflectional morphemes. 8. Derivational affixes Derivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to create new words. 9. Prefixes Prefixes are affixes that come before the word. 10. Suffixes suffixes are affixes that come

5、after the word.11. Root A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analysed without total loss of identity.12. Stem a stem can be defined as a form to which affixes of any kind can be added.第四章 formation 21. Affixation affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by addi

6、ng wordforming or derivational affixes to stems.2. Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems.Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems.3. Compounding（Compositon） is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems.4. Conversion is the fo

7、rmation of new words by converting words of one class to another class.5. Blending is the formation of new words by combined by parts of two words or a word plus a plus a part of another word.6. Clipping is the formation of new words by shortening a longer word by cutting a part off the original and

8、 using what remain instead.7. Acronymy is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms.8. Backformation is a process of wordformation by which a word is created by the deletion of a supposed

9、 affix. E.g. editor entered the language before edit. 第五章 meaning1. Reference the relationship betweenlanguageandtheworld.2. Concept which beyond language, istheresultofhumancognition, reflecting the objectiveworldinthehumanmind.3.Sensedenotestherelationshipinsidethelanguage.4. Motivationaccounts fo

10、r the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning. 5. Onomatopoeic MotivationThese words were created by imitating the natural sounds or noises. 6. Morphological MotivationCompounds and derived words are multimorphemic words and the meaning of many are the sum total of the morphemes com

11、bined. 7. Semantic Motivationrefers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word. 8. Etymological MotivationThe history of the word explains the meaning of the word9 .Grammaticalmeaningrefertothatpartofthemeaningofthewordwhichindicatesgrammaticalconceptorrelationships.10

12、.Lexicalmeaningisconstantinallthewordswithinorwithoutcontextrelatedtothenotionthatthewordconveys.11.Conceptualmeaning（denotativemeaning）themeaninggiveninthedictionaryandformsthecoreofwordmeaning12.Associativemeaningthesecondarymeaningsupplementedtotheconceptualmeaning.Itisopenendedandindeterminate13

13、.Connotativemeaningtheovertonesorassociationsuggestedbytheconceptualmeaning14.Stylisticmeaningstylisticfeaturesmakethewordsappropriatefordifferentcontexts.15.Affectivemeaningthespeakersattitudetowardsthepersonorthinginquestion.第六章 Sense Relations and semantic Field 23. Abbreviation includes four typ

14、es : I. Clipped words II. Initialisms III. Acronyms I. II. Initialismsare words formed from the initial letters of words and pronounced as letters. E.g. IMF/ai em ef/=International Monetary Fund. III.IV. Blendsare words that are combined by parts of other word12. Opaque WordsWords that are formed by

15、 one content morpheme only and cannot be analysed into parts are called opaque words, such as axe, glove. 13. Transparent WordsWords that consist of more than one morphemes and can be segmented into parts are called transparent words: workable(work+able), doorman(door+man). 14. MorphsMorphemes are a

16、bstract units, which are realized in speech by discrete units known as morphs. They are actual spoken, minimal carriers of meaning. 15. AllomorpsSome morphemes are realized by more than one morph according to their position in a word. Such alternative morphs are known as allomorphs. For instance, th

17、e morpheme of plurality s has a number of allomorphs in different sound context, e.g. in cats /s/, in bags /z/, in match /iz/. 16. Derivation or AffixationAffixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding wordforming or derivational affixes to stems. This process is also known as d

18、erivation. 17. Polysemy the word with more than one senses or which can be used to express more meaning.18. Diachronic approach Diachronically， polysemy is assumed to be the result of growth and development of the semantic structure of one and same word. This first meaning is the primary meaning. Wi

19、th the advance of time and the development of language， it took on more and more meanings. These latter meanings are called derived meanings.19. Synchronic approach synchronically， polysemy is viewed as the coexistent of various meaning of the same word in a certain historical period of time. The ba

20、sic meaning of a word is the core of word meaning. The core of word meaning called the central meaning （secondary meaning）.20. Radiation a semantic process which shows that the primary meaning stands at the center and each of the derived meanings proceed out of in every direction like rays.21. Conca

21、tenation meaning “linking together”， is the semantic process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its first sense by successive shifts until， in many cases， there is not a sign of connection between the sense that is finally developed and that which the tern had at the begining.2

22、2. Homonymsare generally defined as words different in meaning but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in sound or spelling.23. Perfect Homonymsare words identical both in sound and spelling， but different in meaning.24. Homographsare words identical only in spelling but di

23、fferent in sound and meaning.25. Homophones （most common）are words identical only in sound but different in spelling and meaning.26. Synonymsare words different in sound and spelling but most nearly alike or exactly the same in meaning.27. Absolute Synonymsare words， which are identical in meaning i

24、n all its aspects， i.e. both in grammatical meaning and lexical meaning， including conceptual and associative meanings.28. Relative synonymsare similar or nearly the same in denotation but embrace different shades of meaning or different degrees of a given quality.29. Antonymsare words which are opp

25、osite in meaning.Types of Antonyms （according to the semantic opposition ）1） Contradictory terms these antonyms are truly represent oppositeness of meaning. They are so opposed to each other that they are mutually exclusive and admit no possibility between them. They assertion of one is the denial o

26、f the other.2） Contrary terms a scale running between two poles or extremes. 3） Relative terms consist of relational oppositeness. The pairs of words indicate such a social relationship that one of them can not be used without suggesting the other， the type is also reverse terms. The two words of ea

27、ch pair interdependent.Hyponymydeals with the relationship of semantic inclusion. That is， the meaning of a more specific word is included in that of another more general word. These specific words are known as hyponyms（下义词）. For instance， tulip and rose are hyponyms of flower. The general word flow

28、er is the superordinate term（上义词） and the specific ones tulip and rose are the subordinate terms（下义词）.第七章 changes in word meaning1.Extension （generalization）It is a process by which a word with a specialized sense is generalized to cover a broader or less definite concept.2. Narrowing （specializatio

29、n） It is a process by which a word of wide meaning acquires a narrower or specialized sense.3.Elevation or ameliorationrefers to the process by which words rise from humble beginnings to positions of importance.4. Degradation or pejoration of meaning It is a process whereby words of good origin fall

30、 into ill reputation or nonaffective words come to be used in derogatory sense.5. Transfer It is a process by which a word denoting one thing changes to refer to different but related thing.第八章contextThe extralinguistic context may extend to embrace the entire culture background.Linguistic context c

31、an be subdivided into lexical context and grammatical contextLexical Context refers to the words occur together with the word in question. Grammatical context The meanings of a word may be inflected by the structure in which it occurs.第九章：idioms1.Idiomidioms consist of set phrases and short sentence

32、s， which are peculiar to the language in question and loaded with the native cultures and ideas.2.Characteristics of idiomsa. Semantic unity Idioms each consist of more than one word， but each is a semantic unity. Though the various words which make up the idiom have their respective literal meanings， in the idiom they have l