外文翻译 英文文献 中英版 校园智能卡.docx

1、外文翻译 英文文献 中英版 校园智能卡英文文献:SMART CARD for SMART CAMPUSKFUPM Case StudyTala1 Halawani and Mohamed MohandesKing Fahd University of Petroleum and Mineralsmohandeskfuum.edu. SaAbstractSmart card is the latest addition in the world of information technology. The vision of the smart card program is to provid

2、e access to services that is secure, fast,friendly, easy to use, flexible, personal, and is accessible by the users kom anyplace at any time. A smart card is of the size of a conventional credit card with an embedded computer chip that stores and transacts data between users and devices. This data i

3、s associated with either value or information or both and is stored and processed within the chip of the card. The card data is transacted via a card reader attached to a computing system as a peripheral device. Smart cards are extensively used through several key applications like education, health

4、care, banking, entertainment, and transportation.1. IntroductionSmart card is a mini-computer capable of storing and processing data. Although, at -present, they are most popular as single-function cash cards and long-distance calling cards, their capabilities range from retaining tickets, money, fr

5、equent flyer miles, travel preferences, insurance information, key demographic data, links to a patients medical records, to allowing access into a building, logging onto a network, etc. The potential of the smart card is limitless. With the added bonus of these functions being performed on a single

6、 card, smart cards have the ability to become indispensable tools. Smart cards were first introduced in Europe a couple of decades ago as a stored value tool for pay phones to reduce theft I. As smart cards and other chip-based cards advanced, people found new ways to use them, such as charging card

7、s for credit purchases and for record keeping in place of paper. Smart cards provide tamper-proof storage of user and account identity. They provide protection against a full range of security threats, kom careless storage of user passwords to sophisticated system hacks. Smart card can be multi-func

8、tional through the use of several applications stored on the card. This paper starts with the history of smart cards and describes the different types of smart cards with characteristics of each type. Finally, the paper will detail KFUPM smart card system as an important case study in the field.2. T

9、he History of Smart CardsThe first plastic payment card for general use was issued by the Dinners Club in 1950. At first the cards functions were quite simple 2. They initially served as data carriers that were secure against forgery and tampering. General information, such as the card issuers name,

10、 was printed on the surface while personal data elements, such as the cardholders name and the card number were embossed. Further more, many cards bad a signature field. Protection against forgery was provided by visual features. Therefore, the systems security depended completely on the retail staf

11、f accepting the cards. However, this was not an overwhelming problem due to the cards initial exclusivity. There was a pressing need for machine-readable cards to reduce handling cost in addition to the fact that card issuers losses due grew from year to year due to fraud 2.The first improvement con

12、sisted of a magnetic strip on the back of the card. This allowed digital data to be stored on the card in a machine-readable form as a supplement to the visual data. Additionally, security is enhanced by the use of a secret personal identification number (PIN) that is compared to a reference number

13、stored in the magnetic strip 3. Although the embossed card with a magnetic strip is still the most commonly used type of payment card, they suffer from a severe weakness in that data stored on the strip can be read, deleted and rewritten by anyone with access to the appropriate equipment. PIN must b

14、e stored in the host system in a secure environment, instead of on the magnetic strip. Most systems that employ magnetic strip cards have on-line connections to the systems host computer for security reasons. However, this generates considerable data transmission costs.The development of the smart c

15、ard, combined with the expansion of electronic data processing has created completely new possibilities for solving this problem. Progress in microelectronics in the 1970s made it possible to integrate data storage and arithmetic logic on a single silicon chip measuring a few square millimeters 2. T

16、he ideas of incorporating such an integrated circuit into an ID card was contained in a patent application filed in Japan by Kunitaka Arimura in Japan concerning “a plastic card incorporating one or more integrated circuit chips for the generationof distinguishing signals” in1970 3. However, the fir

17、st real progress in the development of smart cards came when Ronal Moreno registered his smart card patent on “an independent electronic object with memory” in France in 1974.A breakthrough was achieved in 1984, when the French telecommunication authorities decided to use prepaid chip cards for publ

18、ic pay phones due to the increasing vandalism and theft. Chip cards were demonstrated to be a cost effective solution. The French example was followed by many other countries. Today, more than 100 countries use chip cards for their public phone systems. By 1990 the total number of smart cards reache

19、d 60 million cards 4. Today, several billion smart cards are in use worldwide.3. Types of Smart CardsSmart cards are composed of a chip, an interface between the chip and the card reader, and a plastic body. Smart cards are classified according to the chip type; memory chip cards as well as micropro

20、cessor chip cards. They can also be classified according to the method of communication with the reader. Cards may communicate with readers either through direct physical contacts (contact cards) or through a radio kequency signals (contactless cards).3.1 Memory Chip CurdsMemory cards have no sophis

21、ticated processing power and cannot manage files dynamically. They are used for data storage and applications. Data can consist of the identification number, serial number of the card, installed applications and the information required to a specific application in case of mudti-appliciation cards.

22、The main use for memory smart cards is to store cards operating system, nm-time e:nvironment, issuer security domain, card issuer application, keys, and certificates for cryptography. Keys function as passwords to secure environments, and certificates verify the authenticity of keys. Memory smart ca

23、rds are built wi.th erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM) or electrically EPROM (EEPROM) chi,ps. EPROM is often used in prepaid service cards such as phone cards that count off minutes used and then are discarded. EEPROM, which can be changed up to 100,000 times, includes built-in logic tha

24、t can be used to update a. counter in prepaid service cards.3.2 Microprocessor Chip CurdsThese cards have on card dynamic data processing capabilities. The chip contains a microprocessor or a microcontroller that manages memory allocations and file access. It manages data in organized file structure

25、s, via a card operating system (COS). Unlike other operating systems, this software controls access to the on card user memory. Thi,s capability permits different and multiple functions and/or different applications to reside on tkle card. The microprocessor chips used for cards are smaller, slower

26、versions of the central processing units used in PCs. Their pro,gamming capability provides support to functionality of the card. Microprocessor smart cards are required for applications that manipulate or compare data, such as public key infrastructure (PKI), dataencryption, Java applets, and elect

27、ronic purses. Every microprocessor smart card bas a COS on the chip to operate the internal functions of the application. The COS loads off the read-onlymemory (ROM), much like: a basic inputloutput system (BIOS) on a PC Z.3.3 Contact Smart CmdsIn addition to the classification of smart card based o

28、n the chip type, smart cards can be classified based on communication type. Contact smart card requires a phyriical contact between card and the reader. They use an eight or six pin contacts on the top of the card to physically connect to the card reader. Their ch.ip could be memory or microprocesso

29、r type 5.3.4 Contactless Smart CurdsContactless smart cards use an antenna to communicate with the reader. They are powered from an RF field generated by the card reader. The RF field also transfers data between the card and the reader 4. Employee identification badges for building access are typica

30、lly contactless smart cards. Additionally, most cards used for transportation are contactless as well.3.5 Combination Smart CardsMultipurpose combination smart cards are a hybrid mix of the contact and contactless designs. They include contacts for communication with a contact type reader, and also

31、include an antenna for communication with an RF type reader 5.4. KFUPM Smart Card SystemUniversities need simple identity cards for all employees and students who are granted access to certain data, equipment and departments according to their status. Multifunction, microprocessor based smart cards

32、incorporate identity with access privileges and also stores value for use in various locations, such as cafeterias and stores. Numerous universities around the world are utilizing smart cards. KFUPM is one of the first universities in the area to adopt a comprehensive multifunctional smart card syst

33、em. KFUPM card is a dual card that bas two chips; one for contact applications and the other is for contactless applications. The contact chip will be utilized to store cardholder photo in addition for future bank services while the contactless chip will be utilized for all other functions. The card syst