自动化专业可参考的外文文献.docx

1、自动化专业可参考的外文文献1外文原文A: Fundamentals of Single-chip MicrocomputerThe si ng le - ch i p mi cr ocomputer is the d evel opment o f th e d ig it al com put er an ar gu ab ly th e t ow m os t s i gn if ic ant i nv enti on s o f t he 2 0t h c en tury 1.Th es e to w typ es of a rc hi te ctu r e ar e fo un d i

2、 n s in gl e- ch ip mi cr oc ompu te r. So me empl oy t he sp l it p ro gr am/d ata memory o f th eHarv ar d ar ch it ect ure , shown in Fi g.3 -5 A- 1, o th ers fo ll ow t hephil os ophy , wi del y a da pt ed f or ge ner al -p ur po se co mpute rs a ndmi cr op ro ce ss o r s, of ma ki ng no lo gi c

3、al di st in ct io n be tw ee n p ro grama nd da ta m emor y a s i n th e Pr in cet o n ar ch it ec tu re, sh own in Fi g. 3- 5A-2.In g en er al te r ms a s in gl e- chi p m ic ro co mput er i sc har ac te ri ze d b y th e i nc or po ra tio n of al l t he uni t s o f a co mput eri nto a s in gl e dev

4、 i ce , as s hown in Fi g3 -5 A- 3.Fig.3-5A-1 A Harvard typeFig.3-5A-2. A conventional Princeton computerFig3-5A-3. Principal features of a microcomputerRead only memory (ROM) .ROMi s u sual ly f or th e p er mane nt ,non- vo la ti le s tor age o f an a pp lic ati on s pr og ra m . Manymi cr oc ompu

5、 te rs an d mi cr oc on tr ol le r s a re in t en de d fo r h ig h - v olumeappl ic at i ons a nd h en ce t he e co nomi ca l ma nu fa ct ure of t he d ev ic esr equ ir es t hat the co nt ents o f the pr og ra m memory be commit te dperm an entl y d ur in g th e man uf actu re of chi ps . Cl ear l y

6、, th is im pl ies a ri gor ous a pp roa ch t o R OMco de d eve lo pmen t s in ce c ha ng es ca nnot be made af te r manufa ct ur e .T hi s d eve lo pment pr oce ss may in vo lv e emul at i on us i ng a s op hi st ic at ed dev elo pme nt sy st em wi th a ha rd ware e mul at io n ca pa bil i ty a s we

7、 ll a s th e u se o f po werf ul so ft wa re t oo ls.So me manu fact ure rs p ro vi de ad dit io nal ROM opt i ons by i ncl ud i ng i n th ei r ra ng e de vi ce s wi th ( or i nt en de d fo r us e with)user pr og ra mnab le memor y. Th e s im ple st of th es e i s us ua ll y d evicewhic h can op er

8、ate in a m ic ro pr oce sso r mode b y usi ng so me o f th ei n pu t/ outp ut li n es as a n ad dr es s and data bus f or acc ess i n g ext er na lmemory. T hi s t ype o f d ev ic e c an b ehave fu nc ti on al l y a s t he si ng le chip mi cr ocompu te r fr om whic h i t i s de ri ve d a lb eit wit

9、h r es tr ic tedI / O an d a modi fie d e xt er nal ci rcu i t. T he u se o f t hes e ROMl es sd evi ce s is c ommon e ve n in p ro du ct i on c ir cu it s wh er e t he v ol ume doesnot ju st if y th e d eve lo pment co sts of c us to m on-ch i p RO M2 ;t hereI/c onve nt io nal mi cr op ro ce ss or

10、bas ed ac emen t fo r RO M d ev ic es can b e o bt ai pi ggy- s witcan st il l b e a si gni fi ca nt s avi ng in t o a r epl wi th deviO and ot her c hi ps co mpared c ir cu ne d in ammablcepro grTh es e dev icit. M ore e xa ct t he f orm o f va e ROMes ar e)s oc ke ts natu ra llri antsy moreexpe ns

11、 iv ethan equ iv alentROM devi ceJbut doprovi de c omplet eci rc ui t equiva lent s. EPROMb as eddev icesa realsoex t r emelyat tr ac ti vefor low- v olumeap pl icat ionswhe retheypr ov id eth eadva nt ag esof a si ng le-c hip de vice,inter ms of on -c hi p I/O,et c. , wi ththe con ve nien ceo f fle

12、xibleuse rpr ogramnab il ity.ba ck EPROM(Er as ab le EPROMi ns te ad of ROM 。Random access memory (RAM).RAMfoth est orageof worki ngv ari ab lememory va wi dt r egi l ogi Hara of ruthe sam e ch ,S pe cia l re gi ste rIt i s asi zear ac te ri st ic f un ct io n a re o ft en so c ommon in a c ol le ct

13、ion et ween RAM and s y st em d in agra h de vi ce ty pe bu t it ha s e tc.) a ss s ta ck p oi r at ed i nt o c ompu te rs to un ne ce ss ars an d d at a u sed d ur in ri,8g p rom ex ec s tio n. Theof t hises wit ,1 6 bit s uc h a in co rpoh (4 st er ca ll y rd ty pe m ic ro eg is te r; it iss,th e

14、pnt erth e Rt rer oc es so r or ti mer AM ar ea.at t he R AM a re a asy t o make d is ti nc ti on bi n th e cas e of a mi cr op r oc es so r pa ra tepr oc es so r re gi ste r as i s don e si nce R AM an d r egi st er s a re no t u sua ll y p hy si ca ll y se mi croc ompu te r .Central processing uni

15、t (CPU).The C PU is mu ch li ke that ofany mi cr d ata (f f i nd t i s a lsmi cr op ro ce sso r. Many a pp li cat oc ontr ol le rs in vo lv e t he ha ndl or nu meric al d is pl ay s, for hat th e CPU i s we ll a da pt ed t nd g oo d fa cilon s of ng of bi xa mpler ese tt appl or t t o t r elaoinatic

16、 he wo-s ta te ys , va lvreco mmon to fi g i nd iv id ual io nsad ini nvo I ve g t he si d evi ces s uch es , m oto r, e tc.Parallelo h an dl i ti es fbi ts of me mor y o r t he tu ng le lier s andna ry -c oded d ec im al (B CD) i t i s c ommon to t y pe o f da g, se tt in m any c ontm ic ro com put

17、),he neein g th isor t es tininput/output.s omewhat i npr ov id ed t o a t l east al are o ut put s a nd whic h a t he p or ts. S ome I / O l in f ordi ffe r entc urr devi of f-ex ampl e, f luo ent t o mak e in ce s al lo w an I ch ip m emor y arn in g on a nd ne. T he se li as s wit ches,Para ll el

18、mi crlo w s ome re i np ut es arr es ce nt t er fa ci / O po rt nd 1/ Oiniilta . It g an d rollerli nesI /O si nc eof f o f sine s a re re ad i ly i nt er faced t he rm os tat s, so li d - st at eng l e ou tp utpu t and ou tp ut sc he mes varyoc omput er;f le xibs. T hi s ma y ap pl y t o al l or nt

19、 er fa su ff icn most a me cha ni sm i it y of ch oosin g whicui t ab le fo r d ir ect i ays , o r ca n pr ov ide ra ige s d is pl ng ot he r c omponents st t o be con f ig ur ed a s a s yst ex pa ns ion. T hi s fa ci li tysciiesh pi ns ome of ng to, nthtf or ward. S ome em bu s to a ll ow i s po te

20、 nt ia ll yusef ul a s a p ro duct ra may b ec ome to o big f or build on t he e xis t in gSerial input/outputnc e s uc ce ss i ve e nh an ce ments t tong e d ev el op s, sio n- ch ip memor y a nd i t is u nde s irse.ab le nosoftware ba.S er ia lc ommuni ca ti on wit h term inaldevi of l i nte mi cr

21、ce s is c ommon me an s of in es. Th is so rf aci ng sp eci oc ompu te rs tocomnu n (sta f acirt li iv icic at a nd ty o er /t at iop ro vid r t of c ommuni a l fu ncti on c get he r .B ot h t e mes re nfo rm atcathiphei ng a l in k us ing i on c an a ls s o r lio benk ina sm exp lo era lal l nu it

22、ed f ormberio n sch s to p) i r U(S)ART(U niv ra ns mit t er) re ns pr og r ammer)qu ior ece appl t i s me re ly n ec es sar opti on s t he se ri data circi n ui t.(nalthumbe r of sttr an smi tte ap pro p rimiiit t i i iir e n .T sa l( ev inprohisco mmont oc ol sca n beg sev ch ro nous sy p rov i de

23、 fas yn th ati mple ment ed as a h ar dwarenc hr on ous ra mi ngerliof t hichr on ou s) a sy nch r on ou s he pr oc es s or (an d t hesyng ts l ow- le ve l, ti me-c ons umin g, de ta il.y t o se le ct ed a b au d - ra te a nd p os si bl y other op b it er ( or at e foTiming/counter facilities.crme .

24、 This can me o f ea ch boc ompu te rss, p ar it y, et c. ) an re ce iv er) b uf fe r. rm at is th en h andlre qui re a cc ur at e e b e d et er mi ne d by c ar ran c h in a r a l l bu t snef fi ci en t fos to us e t im er c i rc ui t t ncr ements a nd ge n er at ep ro gr am im pl es t p hat c an in

25、an i nt errel apse d . Th is t yp e of t im er i s us wi th t he r eq ui red pr od uc i ng an i nte z ero. B et te r t ime t he in it ia l r esp on si bi li b efo re th e t cont in cl oc k coun te pin ,tuous p,f or er. WitMany ap pl icval ua ti on o efu l as s ess but t hi s rad lo ad (o r re ad f r

26、om) Se ri ali za ti on o f the ed byat io nth eof sha rd warein gl e- ch ipf elament o f t he e xe cu tion pi dly be co mespse dre alro gr ams . Th e pr efe rr ed a pp roach depe ndentl y co unt pr ecis e t ime upt uala ft er a p res et ti me h as ly ar he nag wh en the c ou nt er reli ty t o au to

27、mat ic al ly rera ng ed t o be r el oa da ble decr ement s t hi s va lu e ac hes loadco un t .T he tru pt or se tts t he n h ave tva lu e. T hi s re lo ad in g t he co st ar te d , wh ich t im ed Someti ac il th eco unt ty of im er reime r t ingherelre cis ely xa mpl e). h thi s fi nterrithat can dr

28、i vecomes y th un teassere r da fla bii ev es t he p ro gra mmer of t he unt er a nd as se ssi ng el apse d t im e o thuptociisi reer wi se wo und b e n ec es sa ry if ed (a s in a ersatuctwe re ed w alsuly.ritlyeq uir h tima spisan ev e nteci al i nputTiming components. The clockci rc uitryof mostm

29、ic r ocompu te rsr equ ir es o nl y s im ple t im i ng c omp onen ts. If r equ ir ed ,a c ry sta l mus t be u se d t f r eq ue ncy i s a ppr oac hed b ut no t ex work wi th a r or ca n b e d ri i s u se fu lmaxi mum p er fo rm a nee is e th e maxi mum cl ockes is t or a nd c ap ac ito ve n fr om an

30、ex te rn al is e xte r na I sy nc hr on izao e ns urcee de d. Ma ny clo ck c ir cu it s a lso r as l ow- co st ti s ou rc e. Th is lamn g c ompo nentst te r a rr an ge mentt io no f t he m icr oco mput er i sr equ ir ed.WORDS AND TERMScul min atio n n. 顶点 spilt adj. 分离的 volatile n. 易变的commit v.保证 albeit conj. 虽然custom adj.定制的 varia nt adj. 不同的 piggy-back adj.背负式的 socket n. 插座B:PLC1PLCs (p ro gr ammabl e lo gi ca l c on tro l le r) fa ce ev er m ore co mplex chal le n ges t he se d ays . Whe re once t hey qu ie tl y re pl ace d