直接引语变间接引语的方法和习题+直接引语间接引语专讲与专练 附答案.docx

1、直接引语变间接引语的方法和习题+直接引语间接引语专讲与专练 附答案直接引语变间接引语的方法和习题一、人称要变原则是一随主 二随宾 三不变二、时态要变初二下教材中100页有一表记住就可以了。三、指示代词，时间状语等要进行变化。初二下教材中100页有一表记住就可以了。有什么问题我们在交流吧。变1人称2时态3连接词4语序 间接引语 拉丁语语法名词，又叫间接引述，英文为 indirect statement。指用在表述意见的动词perception 之后的一种从句，这种从句并非由主语直接叙述出来，而是通过第三人转述的。实际上间接引语大都是宾语从句，当直接引语为祈使句，陈述句，疑问句被转换成间接引语时，

2、句子的结构，人称，时态，时间，时间状语和地点状语等都要发生改变。如：他们说：“皇帝死后将成为神。” 直接引语 Dixere:Augustus post mortem deum factus erit.他们说，那个皇帝死后将成为神。间接引语 Dixere Augustum post mortem deum faciendum esse.间接引语中，引语的主语要使用宾格，动词要使用不定式，不定式的时态取决于引语动词发生的时间与主句动词时间的先后性，不定式的性、数取决于间接引语的主语（如前所述，只用宾格）。如：Consules sentiunt servos non esse liberandos.

3、 执政官们认为奴隶们不该被释放。主句动词是认为：sentiunt ，时态是现在时。间接引语中的动词是不定式 liberandos esse，是将来时，因为“被释放”的动作是发生在主句动词“认为”之后的。liberandos 的性（阳性）、数（复数）与间接引语的主语servos 保持一致。当我们引用别人的话时，我们可以使用别人的原话，也可以用自己的话把意思转述出来。如果引用原话，被引用的部分就称之为直接引语，反之，则称为间接引语。这里有两句间接引语。前面一句的动词是 interfectum esse，是不定式的完成时，表示“被杀害”的动作是发生在fama erat 消息到来之前的；后一句的动词是

4、 vivere， 是不定式的现在时，表示“活着”这个动作与消息到来同步。思路分析如下解题过程直接引语和间接引语详解引述或转述别人的话称为“引语”。直接引用别人的原话，两边用引号“ “标出，叫做直接引语；用自己的语言转述别人的话，不需要引号这叫做间接引语，实际上间接引语大都是宾语从句（其中由祈使句转换的间接引语除外，其转换后是不定式）。那么直接引语为陈述句、一般疑问句、特殊疑问句和祈使句，转换为间接引语时，句子的结构，人称、时态、时间状语和地点状语等都要有变化，如何变化呢?1、人称的转变1）直接引语中的第一人称，一般转换为第三人称，如：He said，“I am very sorry.” He

5、said that he was very sorry.2）直接引语中的第二人称，如果原话是针对转述人说的，转换为第一人称，如： “You should be more careful next time,” my father told me.My father told me that I should be more careful the next time.3）直接引语中的第二人称，如果原话是针对第三人称说的，转换成第三人称。如： She said to her son, “Ill check your homework tonight.” She said to her son t

6、hat she would check his homework that night.4）人称的转换包括人称代词、物主代词和名词性物主代词等，如：He asked me, “Will you go to the station with me to meet a friend of mine this afternoon?” He asked me whether I would go to the station with him to meet a friend of his that afternoon.总之，人称的转换不是固定的，具体情况，具体对待，要符合逻辑。2、时态的转换直接引语

7、改为间接引语时，主句中的谓语动词如果是过去时，从句（即间接引语部分）的谓语动词在时态方面要作相应的变化，变成过去时范畴的各种时态（实际也是宾语从句的时态要求），变化如下：直接引语 间接引语一般现在时 一般过去时一般过去时 过去完成时现在进行时 过去进行时过去完成时 过去完成时现在完成时 过去完成时过去进行时 过去进行时一般将来时 过去将来时例如：“I am very glad to visit your school”, she said. She said she was very glad to visit our school.Tom said, “We are listening to

8、 the pop music.” Tom said that they were listening to the pop music.Mother asked, “Have you finished your homework before you watch TV?” Mother asked me whether I had finished my homework before I watched TV. He asked the conductor, “Where shall I get off to change to a No. 3 bus?” He asked the cond

9、uctor where he would get off to change to a No. 3 bus.“Why did she refuse to go there?” the teacher asked. The teacher asked why she had refused to go there.Mother asked me, “Had you finished your homework before you watched TV?” Mother asked me whether I had finished my homework before I watched TV

10、. Tom said, “We were having a football match this time yesterday.” Tom said that they were having a football match that time the day before.He said，“I havent heard from my parents these days.” He said that he hadnt heard from his parents those days.3、直接引语变成间接引语时，从句时态无须改变的情况1）当主句的谓语动词是一般现在时的时候，如：He a

11、lways says, “I am tired out.” He always says that he is tired out.2）当主句的谓语动词是将来时的时候，如：He will say, “I?ll try my best to help you.” He will say that he will try his best to help me.3）当直接引语部分带有具体的过去时间状语时，如：He said, “I went to college in 1994.” He told us that he went to college in 1994.4）当直接引语中有以when,

12、 while引导的从句，表示过去的时间时，如：He said，“When I was a child, I usually played football after school.” He said that when he was a child, he usually played football after school.5）当直接引语是客观真理或自然现象时，如：Our teacher said to us, “Light travels faster than sound.” Our teacher told us that light travels faster than so

13、und.6）当引语是谚语、格言时，如：He said，“Practice makes perfect.” He said that practice makes perfect.7）当直接引语中有情态动词should, would, could, had better, would rather, might, must, ought to, used to, need时，如：例如：The doctor said, “Youd better drink plenty of water.” The doctor said Id better drink plenty of water.He sa

14、id, “She must be a teacher.” He said that she must be a teacher. He said, “She ought to have arrived her office by now.”He said that she ought to have arrived her office by then.The teacher said, “You neednt hand in your compositions today.”The teacher said we neednt/didnt need to/didnt have to hand

15、 in our compositions. She asked, “Must I take the medicine?” She asked if she had to take the medicine.注：此处用had to代替must更好8）此外转述中的变化要因实际情况而定，不能机械照搬，如果当地转述，here不必改为there, 动词come不必改为go，如果当天转述yesterday, tomorrow, this afternoon等均不必改变。如：Teacher: You may have the ball game this afternoon.Student : What d

16、id the teacher say, Monitor?Monitor: He said we might have the ball game this afternoon.4、时间状语、地点状语及某些对比性的指示代词和动词变化1）时间状语：直接引语 间接引语 直接引语 间接引语now （then）； tomorrow （the next / following day ）today (that day）； next week （the next / following week / month / year） yesterday（the day before） two days ago（

17、two days before ）last week /month/ year (the week/month/ year before) this week/month/year (that week/month/ year)2）指示代词：these 变成those3）地点状语：here变成thereShe said, “I wont come here any more.” She said that she wouldn?t go there any more.4）动词：come变成go，bring变成take5、直接引语变成间接引语，句子结构的变化1）陈述句。用连词that引导，tha

18、t在口语中常省略。主句的谓语动词可直用接引语中的said, 也可用told来代替，注意，可以说said that, said to sb. that, told sb. that，不可直接说told that, 如：He said, “I have been to the Great Wall.” He said to us that he had been to the Great Wall.He said, “Ill give you an examination next Monday.”He told us that he would give us an examination th

19、e next Monday.（不可说told that） 此外主句中的谓语还常有：repeat, whisper, answer, reply, explain, announce, declare, think等，又如：He said，“Im late because of the heavy traffic.” He explained to us that he was late because of the heavy traffic.如果间接引语是由that引导的两个或两个以上的并列从句，第一个连词可以省略，以后的连词一般不省略，以免混乱。The doctor said, “You

20、are not seriously ill, You will be better soon.”The doctor said（that）I was not seriously ill and that I would be better soon.2）直接引语为一般疑问句，（也称是否疑问句，）间接引语用连词whether或if引导，原主句中谓语动词said要改为asked（me/him/us等），语序是陈述句的语序，这一点非常重要。He said, “Do you have any difficulty with pronunciation?”He asked（me）whether/if I

21、 had any difficulty with my pronunciation.He said, “You are interested in English, arent you?”He asked whether I was interested in English.3） 直接引语为选择疑问句，间接引语用whetheror表达，而不用ifor，也不用eitheror. 如：He asked, “Do you speak English or French?”He asked me whether I spoke English or French.I asked, “Will you

22、 take bus or take train?”I asked him whether he would take bus or take train.4）直接引语为特殊疑问句，改成间接引语时，原来的疑问词作为间接引语的连词，主句的谓语动词用ask（sb.）来表达，语序改为陈述句语序。如：He asked，“Whats your name?” He asked（me）what my name was. He asked us, “How many car factories have been built in your country?” He asked us how many car

23、factories had been built in our country.5）直接引语为祈使句时，改为间接引语，用带to的不定式表达，谓语动词常是ask, advise, tell, warn, order, request等。如ask sb. to do，（由肯定祈使句变成）ask sb. not to do（由否定祈使句转变），并且在不定式短语中的时间状语、地点状语、人称及时态都作相应的变化。如：He said，“Be seated, please.” He asked us to be seated.“Do be careful with your handwriting.” He

24、 said. He told me to be careful with my handwriting.“Never come here again!” said the officer nearby. The officer ordered the villagers never to go there again.“Dont touch anything in the lab without permission,” the teacher said. The teacher warned the students not to touch anything in the lab with

25、out permission.6）有些含有“建议”、“劝告”的祈使句，可用suggest, insist, offer等动词转述，如：He said, “Lets have a rest.” He suggested our having a rest.He said, “Let me help you.” He offered to help me.7）当直接引语形式上是疑问句，有表示请求，建议意义时，可用ask sb. to do sth. /suggest doing/advise sb. to do sth. 等形式转述。如：“Would you mind opening the do

26、or?” he asked. He asked me to open the door. “Why not going out for a walk?” he asked us. He advised us to go out for a walk. 或He suggested we go out for a walk.8）直接引语是感叹句时，变间接引语可用what或how引导，也可用that引导，如： She said, “What a lovely day it is!” She said what a lovely day it was. 或She said that it was a

27、lovely day.嵌套间接引语的从句：如果间接引语当中还镶嵌有另一句从句，则被称为嵌套间接引语的从句，英文叫：the subordinate clause in indirect statement。这时，这样的从句要使用虚拟语气。从句动词的时态与主句动词的时态相关联。如：Dux dicebat militem qui fugisset poenas daturum esse. 统帅曾常说，那个逃跑的士兵将要受到惩罚。qui fugisset逃跑 是一句关系从句，修饰militem “士兵”，由于处在dicebat 说后面的间接引语当中，因此需使用虚拟语气。间接引语的动词是不定式 datu

28、rum esse将受到，为将来时，因为动作发生在主句动词“说”之后，而 fugisset 逃跑为虚拟语气的过去完成时，表示在统帅“说话”之前已经逃走了。如何把直接引语变间接引语“一随主”是指在直接引语变间接引语时，如果从句中的主语是第一人称或被第一人称所修饰。从句中的人称要按照主句中主语的人称变化如：She said. My brother wants to go with me. She said her brother wanted to go with her.“二随宾”是指直接引语变间接引语时，若从句中的主语及宾语是第二人称。或被第二人你所修饰。从句中的人称要跟引号外的主句的宾语一致。

29、如果引号外的主句没有宾语。也可以用第一人称，如：He said to Kate. How is your sister now?He asked Kate how her sister was then。 “第三人称不更新”是指直接引语变间接引语时。如果从句中的主语及宾语是第三人称或被第三人称所修饰从句中的人称一般不需要变化如：Mr Smith said。 Jack is a good worker。Mr Smith said Jack was a good worker。 变时态：直接引语在改为间接引语时、时态需要做相应的调整。现在时它需改为过去时态；过去时态改为完成时；过去完成时则保留原来

30、的时态。如：1)She said. I have lost a pen.She said she had lost a pen直接引语和间接引语【学习指南】直接引语就是直接地引用或复述别人的话，并放在引号内。间接引语则是说话人用自己的话转述他人的原话，被转述的内容不放在引号内。间接引语是说话者站在自己的角度进行转述，因此，不同的直接引语要用不同的句式来进行转述，且直接引语中的代词、动词的时态以及时间或地点状语都要有相应的变化，部分引述动词有时也需做适当的调整。这些变化有一定的规则，但在具体运用时往往呈现复杂的情况。本章的学习重点是要掌握陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句等由直接引语变为间接引语最基

31、本的规则，特别是特殊疑问句转换成间接引语时的词序变化、时态的前后呼应以及规则以外的不同变化。准确地进行直接引语和间接引语的转换有助于我们准确地进行交际。一、直接引语与间接引语的转换 在将直接引语转换为间接引语时，不仅句式上要有变化，而且要在时态、人称、时间、地点等方面作相应的变化。1、引语转换时的句式变化不同的直接引语句式，如：陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句，转换成间接引语时要遵循一定的句式转换规则，还要注意根据句意，使用适当的引述动词。（1）陈述句的间接引语【小帖士】间接引语中不用say to sb，要用tell sb来引述。将陈述句转换为间接引语，通常用that引导的宾语从句来表达。连词that 在不引起歧义的情况下可以省略。引述分句的动词常见的有say 和tell等。He said, “I caught a cold yesterday.” 他说：“我昨天感冒了。” He said (that) he had caught a cold the day before. 他说他前天感冒了。Helen said to me, “Im tired of t