Oxygen measurement 石油工业注射技术中的水中氧测量.docx

1、Oxygen measurement 石油工业注射技术中的水中氧测量Oxygen measurement in the water for injection technology in the oil industry石油工业注射技术中的水中氧测量图1：注水基础 图2：Ekofisk油田，海上作业平台Application description 应用说明Waterflood also called water injection is a method of secondary oil recovery in whichwater is injected into the reservoi

2、r formation to displace residual oil. The water frominjection wells physically sweeps the displaced oil to adjacent production wells. Waterinjection wells can be found both on- and offshore.Waterflooding was born over 125 years ago and is the oldest enhanced recoverymethod. Water does not only displ

3、ace oil but is used also for pressure support of thereservoir (also known as voidage replacement).Waterflood也被称为水注射是一种传统的二次采油方法，水被注入储油层将残余的石油移出。从注射井中注入的水流将有待移出的石油，推送至邻近的生产井中。通常在海上或离岸的采油平台都能看到这样的注水井。注水采油的方法诞生于125年前，是最古老的提高采收率的办法。此方法中的水应用，不只是移出残余的石油，也为储油层提供了一定的压力补偿（又名注采比）。Why choose Hach Ultra? 为什么选择H

4、ach Ultra的产品？ Full ATEX certified analyzer and oxygen sensor 完整的ATEX认证分析仪和氧传感器 Sensor withstanding extreme conditions up to 100 bar 传感器可承受高达100bar的极端工作环境 Sensor with specific electrodes and electrolyte allowing the measure in samplescontaining H2S 传感器配以特定的电极与电解液样，可在含有H2S的样本中进行测量 Several high corrosi

5、on resistant material available for the sensor and the flowchamber (Monel ,Titanium and Hastelloy) 几款高耐蚀性材料可供传感器与流通池机身选配（Monel 镍铜合金、钛、Hastelloy镍基耐蚀耐热合金） Wide measurement range from ppm saturation levels down to 1 ppb.。量程广，可满足从ppm饱和值到低至1 ppb的测量Water quality required to maintain high efficiency 良好的水质可

6、保证采油的高效性For a waterflood operation to be successful the water used for injection must be of aquality that will not damage the reservoir rock and injection rates must be maintainedbelow the parting pressure of the reservoir. Poor water quality will result in lost oilproduction. 对于成功的注水操作而言，必需保证注射用水质量

7、，不能对储油层岩壁有任何损害，同时注入率还需要被控制在储油层压力临界点以下。如水质较差，会导致原油在生产中的流失。The proper balance between water quality and cost has to be determined. Rigorouswater quality guidelines like 98% removal of particles above 2 microns, oil 5 ppm, andoxygen 50 ppb will nearly always provide water of sufficient quality. Because

8、 ofincreasing scarcity, fresh water will not generally be a viable source. Therefore, mostinjection projects use saline or brine waters.水质量和成本之间的适当平衡关系是需要明确界定的。严格的水质指导标准：2 microns以上颗粒物去除率达到98%以上，水中油含量5 PPM，水中溶氧50 ppb，这样才能达到足够优质的作业用水。在油田现场环境下，由于淡水的匮乏，一般不将其视为稳定、可行的资源。因此，大多数注射项目使用盐水或海水。 Five components

9、 in water detrimental to a waterflood are: 注射水中的5大不利组成物： micro-organisms,微生物 dispersed oil, 分散油 suspended solids, 悬浮固体颗粒 dissolved gases, 可溶气体 dissolved solids.溶解性固体Dissolved gases frequently found in injection waters are oxygen, carbon dioxide andhydrogen sulfide. All three enhance corrosion proble

10、ms but oxygen is the most commoncause for corrosion and although it is not normally present at depths below around 330 ft(100 m), oxygen is often introduced in oil production through leaking pump seals, casingand process vents, open hatches, and open handling.氧气、二氧化碳和硫化氢是注射水中最常见的可溶气体，也是造成腐蚀问题的3大根本原因

11、，但氧气是最常见的，也是产生腐蚀的主要原因，虽然它在约330英尺（100米）一下的环境中并不常见，但氧气还是可以通过泵密封的泄漏点、套管和工艺过程中的通风孔，开着的舱门，以及开放性操作等，进入到石油成品中。In addition, oxygen removal processes such as gas stripping and chemical scavengingoften fail, allowing oxygen contamination in waterflood systems. Oxygen can be removedby an oxygen scavenger, such

12、 as cobalt-catalyzed sodium bisulfite. Proper gasblanketing of water tanks also minimizes oxygen entry. Material should also withstandH2S corrosion as it is found in approximately 40% of all wells.此外，一些除氧工艺，如气提法和化学除氧法经常失败，并使注水系统中的氧气污染。实际上去氧剂是可以去除多余的氧气的，如cobalt-catalyzed亚硫酸氢钠。在水舱中，适当的气体覆盖层也可以最大限度地减少氧

13、气进入。由于H2S存在于40的采油井中，应选用抗H2S腐蚀性材料。Closely related to the water quality is oxygen measurement and control. Oxygenmeasurement and control is such a challenge because of severe working conditions. Inthis aspect Hach Ultra provides the most resistant sensors of the market.与水质密切相关的是氧的测量与控制。因为恶劣的工作条件，对氧气的测

14、量与控制成为了一大挑战。基于此，Hach Ultra提供了市场上耐用性最强的传感器。 The sensor is an electrochemical cell with theOrbisphere patented three electrode technology.Gold, silver and platinum are used in order toavoid H2S interferences while measuring oxygenSince the O2 sensor is in direct contact with thechemical substances, ch

15、emical resistance is amust.All wetted parts of Orbispheres sensors are 316Lstainless steel; as required, the sensor head canbe made from other materials, such as HastelloyC276, Titanium or Monel.Kalrez washers are recommended instead ofsilicone to avoid swelling. Sensor head and sensor socket or flo

16、w chamber O-ringsshould be of Viton or Kalrez.图3：压力承受值为100bar氧传感器该传感器是一款电化学产品，应用了ORBISPHERE的三款专利电极技术。采用了黄金，银和铂金三种不同材质，避免H2S干扰。在进行溶氧测量时，氧传感器会直接接触化学物质，所以耐化学性是该产品的必要特性。ORBISPHERE传感器与水接触部分均采用316L不锈钢材料。 根据不同需要，探头可选用C276镍基耐蚀耐热合金、钛或蒙乃尔镍铜合金。为避免膨胀，我们推荐选用了Kalrez washers（垫圈）而不是有机硅材质。探头、传感器插座、流通池、O形圈等也均采用了Viton

17、 或 Kalrez材质。Installation and sampling recommendationsOrbispheres intrinsically safe analyzers consist of an O2 sensor and an indicatinginstrument (with display) which can be installed in either the hazardous or the safe area.The instrument electronics are housed in one or twotough, watertight stainl

18、ess steel enclosures, dependingon your hazardous area needs. Compact andlightweight, the indicating instrument can be mountedon a wall or directly on a process control panel.The sensor can be installed either in-line or on-line tothe line to be controlled and up to 1000 meter distancefrom the transm

19、itter.For the waterflooding application, the liquid sample istransported through the tubing to a flow chamber of theseries 32001, where the sensor is located. Calibrationgas can be also connected to the flow chamber (seepicture). Two valves at the inlet and the outlet allowsisolating the sensor from

20、 the sample for easycalibration and/or service. Materials available aress316l, Hastelloy, Monel and Titanium.安装和采样建议ORBISPHERE独有的安全性分析仪包括一个氧传感器和一个指示仪器（带显示器），它可以安装在危险或安全的操作环境中。根据安装环境的危险性要求，仪器的电子元件被安置在一个或两个坚韧防水不锈钢外壳内。结构坚实、密闭，重量轻，指示仪表可壁挂式安装，或直接安装在过程控制面板上。传感器可与控制线进行串联或并联安装，与传送器可保持最远1000米的距离。对于注射水应用而言，液体

21、样本会通过管道输送到一个32001系列的流通池，传感器也安装在这个位置。同时，校准气体也可接入流池（见图）。在进口和出口分别安装了两个阀门，确保在需要的时候，将传感器与液体样本隔离开来，从而进行必要的校准或维修。材料可选配镍基耐蚀耐热合金、钛或蒙乃尔镍铜合金。Instrument outputsAnalog 0/420 mA current output of O2 concentration is available as an isolated signal inthe safe area and a non-isolated signal for the hazardous area.

22、Often an applicationrequires the instruments output to match a specific measurement range. These outputlevels can be adjusted with the supplied Windows software.仪器输出在安全或非安全环境中，一定浓度的氧气将以0/4-20 mA的电流模拟信号，作为隔离或非隔离信号输出。通常，特定的应用会要求仪器的输出达到某个具体的测量范围，这种情况下，可通过相关电脑软件对输出值进行调节。Installation schematic 安装示意图 Reco

23、mmended systems components 推荐系统组件Model Model 型号Description 描述3662EX/100Instrument ATEX, Substance measured: Oxygen, Configuration: Wall, Numberof channels: 1, Temp. units: C, Membrane 29552A, Measurement type: DO2,Thermal cut-off, Current output, Voltage output, RS485 serial output: requires32958 fo

24、r installation in hazardous area, Instrument voltage: 6.5 13.5 VDC by32956.X. Intrinsically safe, Special sensor cable: 32515E, Special sensor:311XXE, Measurement units: ppm/ppb. 仪器： ATEX，测量物质：氧，配置：壁挂式，通道数：1，温度单位：，膜29552A，测量类型：DO2，热切断，电流输出，电压输出，RS485串行输出要求在危险区域安装时使用32958，仪器电压：6.5 - 13.5 VDC通过32956.X

25、。特殊安全设计：采用32515E传感器电缆，专用传感器：311XXE计量单位：PPM / PPB。31120E.11EC Sensor, Substance measured: Oxygen, Sensing head material: StainlessSteel, Guard ring: Silver, Maximum pressure: 50 bar, O-Ring: Viton,Intrinsically safe. EC传感器，测量物质：氧，探头材料：不锈钢保护环：银，最大压力：50bar，银，O型圈：氟橡胶32001.141Flow chamber in Hastelloy wi

26、th fittings. Supplied with Viton O-rings.32515E.033 meter sensor cable for 366xEX, 5 wires. Supplied with 2 connectors, 2sleeves with 32515E label. 适用于366xEX的 3米传感器电缆，5条。提供2个连接器，2个管路外壁贴有32515E标签。32956.BIntrinsically safe power supply incorporating DIN rail mounting safety barrier,for 3662Ex. For use

27、 in the safe area. 230 VAC适用于3662Ex的安全电源供应，参照DIN轨道安装安全标准，对于在安全领域的使用：230 VAC32954Isolator repeater for 4/20mA current output. Must be installed in a safe zone ifcurrent output is utilized. For 3662EX32696Windows PC software ATEX3660 for 3660Ex and 3662Ex. Program in English,French, and German. 适应于366

28、0Ex 和3662Ex的电脑软件： ATEX3660。内置英语、法语、德语操作界面。32706Maintenance kit for oxygen electrochemical sensors. Includes membranes29552A, electrolyte 2959, membrane holding ring 29229.01, and tools forsensor maintenance. (Replaces 32706L & 32706M.)氧气电化学传感器的维护套件。包括膜29552A，电解液2959，膜固定环29229.01，以及感应器维修工具（32706L和32706M。）