简明英语语言学教程章期末复习.docx

1、简明英语语言学教程章期末复习 文件编码（008-TTIG-UTITD-GKBTT-PUUTI-WYTUI-8256）简明英语语言学教程章期末复习Chapter one Introduction什么是语言学语言学Linguistics Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 必考P2普通语言学General Linguistics The study of language as a whole is often called General linguistics. The study of s

2、ounds, which are used in linguistic communication, is called phonetics.（语音学）The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology. （音位学）The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words are called morphology. （形态学）The study of how morphemes and words

3、 are combined to form sentences is called syntax（句法学）The study of meaning in language is called semantics. （语义学）The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics. （语用学） Some important distinctions in linguistics 成对的概念辨析差异 必考P3（1）Prescriptive and descriptive 规定与描写If a linguistic study descr

4、ibes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be descriptive, if it aims to lay down rules to tell people what they should say and what they should not say, it is said to be prescriptive.Modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar. Traditional grammar is prescriptive whil

5、e modern linguistics is descriptive. The task of linguists is supposed to describe the language people actually use, whether it is “correct” or not.规定性Prescriptive It aims to lay down rules for ”correct” behavior, to tell people what they should say and what should not say. 描述性Descriptive A linguist

6、ic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use. （2）Synchronic and diachronic 共时和历时The description of a language at some point in time is a synchronic study; the description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study. In modern linguistics, synchronic study is mo

7、re important.历时语言学Diachronic linguistics The study of language change through time. a diachronic study of language is a historical study, which studies the historical development of language over a period of time. 共时语言学Synchronical linguistics The study of a given language at a given time. （3）Speech

8、 and writing 口头语与书面语Speech and writing are the two major media of communication. Modern linguistics regards the spoken form of language as primary, but not the written form. Reasons are: 1. Speech precedes writing; 2. There are still many languages that have only the spoken form; 3. In terms of func

9、tion, the spoken language is used for a wider range of purposes than the written, and carries a larger load of communication than the written.（4）Langue and parole 语言和言语 必考名解P4The Swiss linguist F. de Saussure made the distinction between langue and parole early 20th century.Langue refers to the abst

10、ract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. Saussure made the distinction in order to single out one aspect of language for serious study. He believes what linguists should do is to abstract langue from parole,

11、 to discover the regularities governing the actual use of language and make them the subjects of study of linguistics.语言langue （抽象）The abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community. 言语parole （具体）The realization of langue in actual use. （5）Competence and performance 语言能力和语言运用

12、Proposed by American linguist N. Chomsky in the late 1950s.He defines competence as the ideal users knowledge of the rules of his language, and performance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. He believes the task of the linguists is to discover and specify the langu

13、age rules.语言能力Competence （抽象）Competence is the ideal users knowledge of the rules of his language. 语言运用performance （具体）Performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. 语言运用是所掌握的规则在语言交际中的具体体现。 （6）Traditional grammar and modern linguistics 传统语法和现代语法It is generally b

14、elieved that the beginning of modern linguistics was marked by the publication of Fde Saussure s book “Course in General Linguistics” in the early 20th century. Before that is traditional grammar.Differences between traditional grammar and modern linguistics:Modern linguistics is descriptive while t

15、raditional grammar is prescriptive.Modern linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, not the written.Modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar also in that it does not force languages into a Latin-based framework.(Modern linguistics is descriptive, its investigations are based on

16、authentic and mainly spoken language date.现代语言学是描述性的，其研究以确实可靠的、主要以口语形式的资料为基础。 traditional grammar is prescriptive. it is based on high written language. 传统语法是规定性的，研究高级书面语。 )什么是语言 定义语言language：Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。 Design f

17、eatures of language 必考P8It refers to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.语言识别特征是指人类语言区别与其他任何动物的交际体系的限定性特征。 Arbitrariness任意性 Productivity多产性 （创造性） Duality双重性 Displacement移位性 Cultural transmission文化传递arbitrariness There is no logical co

18、nnection between meanings and sounds. the arbitrary nature of language is a sign of sophistication and it makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions Productivity Animals are quite limited in the messages they are able to send. Duality Language is a system, which consis

19、ts of two sets of structures ,or two levels. Displacement Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. Cultural transmission Human capacity for language has a genetic basis, but we have to be taught and learned the details of any language system. th

20、is showed that language is culturally transmitted. not by instinct. animals are born with the capacity to produce the set of calls peculiar to their species. Functions of language 语言的功能Descriptive function, expressive function, social functionSix elements of a speech event specified by Jakobson:Addr

21、esser - Emotive 感情功能Addressee - Conative 意动功能Context - Referential 所指功能Message - Poetic 诗歌功能Contact - Phatic communion 寒暄功能Code - Metalinguistic 无语言功能Chapter Two Phonology Phonetics（语音学）定义Phonetics: the study of the phonic medium of language: it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the wor

22、lds languages.是指对语言的语音媒介进行的研究，它关注语言世界中的所有语音 Organs of speech3个区域：the pharyngeal cavity 咽腔-the throat，the oral cavity口腔-the mouth，nasal cavity 鼻腔-the nose清音Voiceless When the vocal cords are drawn wide apart ,letting air go through without causing vibration ,the sounds produced in such a condition ar

23、e called voiceless sounds. 浊音Voicing Sounds produced while the vocal cords are vibrating are called voiced sounds. 宽式音标Broad transcription The transcription of speech sounds with letter symbols only. 严式音标Narrow transcription The transcription of speech sound with letters symbols and the diacritics.

24、送气Aspirated不送气UnaspiratedVowel and consonant元音辅音Vowel The sounds in the production of which no articulators come very close together and the air stream passes through the vocal tract without obstruction are called vowels. Classification of English consonants a: in terms of the manners of articulatio

25、n(发音方式): Stops(爆破音): pb td kg 6 Fricatives(摩擦音): /f/ /v/ / /e/ /s/ /z/ /?/ /?/ h/ /r/ 8 Affricatives(塞擦音): /t?/ /d?/ Liquids(清音): /l/ /r/ Nasals(鼻音): /m,n,/ Glides(滑音): /w j/ b: in terms of place of articulation(发音部位) bilabials(双唇音): /p b m w/ labiodentals(唇齿音): /f v/ dentals(齿音): /e c: the shape of

26、 the lips: rounded and unrounded d: the length of the vowels: tense and lax or long and short音位学音素Phonea phonetic unit or segment. 音位Phonemea collection of abstract sound features, a phonological unit. 音位变体AllophonesDifferent phones which can represent a phoneme in different environments are called

27、the allophones of that phoneme. explain the sequential rule and the assimilation rule . 序列规则Sequential rules Rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language. 同化规则Assimilation rules The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by copying a feature of a sequential phonem

28、e, thus making the two phones similar. 省略规则Deletion ruleIts a phonological rule which tells us when a sound is to be deleted although its orthographically represented. Suprasegmental features超音段特征重音 Stress声调 ToneTones are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the

29、vocal cords.语调 IntonationChapter Three Morphology 形态学 Open class and closed classOpen class words 实词，词数可增加Closed class words 虚词，词数稳定 Morphemes 词素词素Morpheme The basic unit in the study of morphology and the smallest meaningful unit of language. 自由词素Free Morpheme Free morphemes are independent units o

30、f meaning and can be used freely all by themselves. 黏着词素Bound morphemes Bound morphemes are these morphemes that canot be used by themselves, must be combined with other morphemes to form words that can be used independently. 词根Root Root is the base form of a word which cannot be further analyzed wi

31、thout total loss of identity. 词缀Affix The collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme. Derivational morpheme & inflectional morpheme派生Derivational morphemes: the morphemes which change the category or grammatical class of words. modern-modernize len

32、gth-lengthen, fool-foolish, etc.曲折Inflectional morphemes: the morphemes which are for the most part purely grammatical markers,signify such concepts as tense, number, case and so on; they never change their syntactic category, never add any lexical meaning,. a) Number: tables apples cars b) Person, finiteness and aspect: talk/talks/talkin