弱读与缩读.docx

1、弱读与缩读Reduction and Contraction 弱读与缩读美式英语语速快是美国口语的显著特征之一。快速美式英语是连读、缩读和弱读的联合体。一开始，你很可能是通过文字和书本认识英语的，你会对快速口语感到不太自在，而且你在讲话时也不太敢使用弱读。不过，你能否听出弱读是很重要的，只有这样，你才能更好地听懂英语为母语的人说的话。使用标准美语的人都会常常使用英语弱音。如果你能在合适的时候正确地使用弱音，听起来你就很像地道的美国人了。Reduction 弱读弱读使英语听起来更为流畅快速。要想使英语口语听起来自然流畅，就必须学会如何运用元音弱读。元音弱读有两方面内容：一是有两个或两个以上音节的

2、单词；二是如何念一些把句子连在一起、使之合乎语法的短词（功能词）。1.双音节单词 双音节单词中弱化的一般是第二个音节。 April, enter，funny, fashion, central 2.多音节单词 多音节单词里，有一个音节是重读的，至少有一个音节是弱读的。可能有次重音，也可能没有。religion rilid n , education ,edju:kei n, entertain ,enttein, competition ,kmpiti n ,embarrassment imb rsmnt 3.在有些单词里会有一个元音是完全被省略的。在重读音节后面跟着不止一个的弱化音节时会出现

3、这种情况。被完全省略的常常是紧跟在重读音节后面的音节。这种情况在字母r前面最常见。chocolate t klit t klt, restaurant restr, -rnt, -rnt, temperature temprit , family fmili, several sevrl4. 如果单词以ary、ully或ally结尾的话，元音a或u常常会被省略。accidentally ,ksidentli,powerfully paufli,elementary ,elimentri5.Vowel reductions occur in the little words 短字里的元音弱读（参

4、考课本）例：冠词如a或the、代词如he或it、助动词如is或can、介词如to或for、还有连词如and或but，常常会被弱化。Stress重读英语像其它语言一样，有它自己的一套由声音、重音和语调系统形成的英语独有的节奏和旋律。虽然我们可能会准确地发英语的每一个音，但我们在听到重音和语调时，还需要学会如何识别它们，这样就能更容易地听懂别人所说。当然，如果我们想别人更好地明白自己的意思，也需要学会如何运用这些模式。一个单词中的一个音节、词组里的一个或几个单词，或一个句子，读起来显得更有力或更响亮一些，此为重音。重读音节表示那个音节的重要性。同样，重读词组里一个或几个单词、句子也表明这些单词是重

5、要的。Syllable Stress Patterns 音节重音在有两个或两个以上音节的所有单词中，总会有一个音节是重读的。这就是说，与其它元音相比，在念这个重读的音节时，要声音大些，音调高些，还有发音时间长一些。其它音节念的时候时间短一点，但辅音发音一定要清晰。personal（个/私人的） or personnel（人员、人事部门）?重音的不同位置能改变单词的意思。英语中的音节重音乍看好像没有什么规律，不过，还是有几条规则会对你有帮助。在开始牢记这些重音模式时，你要知道还有许多单词并不适用于这些重音模式。有的时候，一个单词会适用于两个重音模式，碰到这种情况，你就需要查字典来搞清楚究竟哪个音

6、节需要重读。英语中的很多单词的重音都是在第一个音节。那些源于早期英语的单词就是这样。不少常用的单词也是属于这一。better, only, over, leader, lady, hidden, careful.1.源自法语的单词重音在最后一个音节。millionaire, boutique 精品店；服装专卖店2. 复合名词：两个或三个单词一起组成一个新的单词，重音在第一个音节。sidewalk, railroad, airport, supermarket.3.复合动词的重音多数在第一个音节。baby-sit 4.动词短语的重音在第二个音节。如：Look out! 同一个动词短语，如果把重音

7、放在第一个音节，就成了名词，如：A lookout。5. Prefixes 前缀以下的单音节前缀通常不重读。 Prefix Example 前缀 词例co- cooperatecon- continuecom- committeede- deliverdis- discussex- exhibite- enoughmis- mistakepre- preparere- reward有些单音节前缀通常用次重音念。Prefix Example前缀 词例bi- biologyir- irresponsiblepost- postponere- rewritetrans- transferun- un

8、happy Suffixes 后缀后缀在发音时，清楚和适度的重音是很重要的。后缀差不多都是不重读的。在发后缀的音时，元音发音要快，口几乎是全闭着的，但后缀音节中的辅音发音要清晰。 Noun suffixes 名词后缀名词后缀 词例-ance importance-ate graduate-ee employee-ence occurrence-ent current-er driver-eter thermometer-ist socialist-ity nationality-ment government-ogy biology-tion attentionAdjective suffix

9、es 形容词后缀形容词后缀 词例-able capable-al musical-ent current-er braver-ful helpful-ian Canadian-ible sensible-ic automatic-ier prettier-iest silliest-ior superior-le multiple-ous jealousVerb suffixes 动词后缀动词后缀 词例-ed wanted-ing readingAdverb suffixes 副词后缀副词后缀 词例-ally practically-ately privately-ently permanen

10、tly-ly slowly-ively competitively-ously seriously7. 有些单词的动词形式的重音在第二个音节，而名词形式的重音则在第一个音节。作名词 作动词import importincrease increaserecord recordrefund refund退还subject subject使隶属；使屈从于survey surveysuspect suspectStress in Phrases 短语重读1. Stress the first word 重音在第一个单词两个独立的单词经过文化演变，成为一个固定词组后，词组里每一个单词的原意都不多不少地被

11、遗忘，取而代之的是新的词义。在固定词组里，重读第一个单词。有Street一词的词组、食物的原产地和人的国籍也需重读第一个单词。English teacher, French class, White House, dark room, mountain climbing, police car2. Stress the Second Word 重音在第二个单词如果形容词与名词一起在特定情况下组成一个普通描述性的词组，而这个词组是可以变化的；或者当一个固定词组作为词组本身的一个合乎逻辑的例外出现而使其意思发生了重大改变时，重读应在第二个单词。English teacher (from Engla

12、nd), a white house (any house that happens to be white), a green house, a dark room, city hall, social security, foreign affairs机构、人名、地名、官衔、词首字母、化合物、颜色和数字，后跟有数字的名词、反身代词、人称物主代词、复合动词和街道名称（有Street一词的词组例外）都把重音放在最后。James Brown; New York; California; Vice President； 10 percent; myself; her own; his best;

13、their car; Fifth Avenue3Stress Both Words两个单词都重读如果第一个单词是第二个单词的原材料、成份或组成部分的话，那么两个单词都重读。peach pie, brick wall, silk shirt, gold watch2 所有格的两个单词都要重读。 a snowballs chance毫无机会,a mans manSentence Stress 语句重音由几个单词组成一个句子时，有些单词要重读，而其它的就要念得较轻和较快。1.大多数实义词，也就是名词、动词、形容词和副词等都要重读。Charles Jones taught English.Aunt J

14、anet always makes long-distance calls.Jason plays basketball.2. who、whose、when、where、why、what和how等在句首的疑问词要重读。Wheres Marys school?Why is Charlie leaving?Whens Sallys party?Whos coming?3.this、that、these和those等指示代词在后面不跟名词时要重读。Whats this?We wanted those.4. mine、yours、his、hers、ours、theirs等名词性物主代词要重读。That

15、 ticket is mine.This is yours.Barbara got hers.David sold his.We bought ours yesterday.5.冠词a、an和the不重读。（3个）a dog, an apple, the chair6.介词to、from、with、in、on、through、for、by、over和under等等不重读。for a dog, with an apple, on the chair, in the house, through the door, of a family, to the hospital, around the

16、room, over the hill, after the concert, before the show7.主语人称代词I、you、he、she、it、we和they不重读。I know the lesson.You found the book on the shelf.She tells secrets to everybody.He talks on the phone too much.We eat fish on Fridays.They travel to Europe a lot.8. 形容词性物主代词my、your、his、her、our和their不重读。my car,

17、 your friend, her dress, his brother, our house, their camera9. 人称代词me、you、her、him、us和them不重读。I saw him. They told me. We asked her.They warned you.My dad helped us.Put them on the table.10.形容词性的指示代词this、that、these和those后面跟名词时不重读。This book is interesting.She bought that house.We like these shoes.Tho

18、se boys talk too loud.11.动词be的不同形式不重读：am、are、is、was、were、arent、isnt、wasnt和werent。I am here.He is a tall man.They are all sick.We were in the garden.He wasnt late.12. There is和there are不重读。There is a car in the driveway.There is one apple in the basket.There is jewelry du:lri in that box.There are to

19、o many cars on the road.There are five people in the family.13. 在动词前的to不重读。He needs to work.I like to eat early.My mother loves to cook.We want to see the whole movie.14. 助动词am、is、are、was、were、do、does、did、have、has、had、isnt、wasnt和didnt不重读。I am working in the house.She is talking on the phone.He was h

20、elping them.When do we start school?Why does he travel so much?Have you done your work?We have been working all day.He had always told the truth.They had had a bad day.15. 情态助动词can、must、have to、should、could和would不重读。John can come.Joe has to work.Sam should leave.We would like to help.You mustnt go i

21、n the street.Kathy doesnt have to work.16. 在句子中间的who、whose、when、where、why、what和how不重读。Do you know where she lives?Only Jenny knows why she said that.He didnt tell me when to come.I can figure out how to do it.17.短的功能词and、but、or、so、not、if、as、because、whether、since、until、though和although不重读。Mary and Bob

22、 have plenty of food, such as sandwiches, cakes, and cookies.Joe, not John, has been here since noon.Scot was worried because his wife was so late.Ill stay until he calls, then Ill leave so you can study.I dont know whether he was late or not.18. 例外：cant通常重读。如果助动词和情态助动词后面不跟动词的话，也需重读。She cant help hi

23、m with the cooking.Ill come to the party if I can.We would lend you the car if we could.Carol has a new car, but Margaret doesnt.He doesnt know Im unhappy, but I am.19.请注意，重音模式的改变会使句子的意思也随之发生变化。你可以重读句子中的任何单词或意群来强调或阐明问题。He gave her the money. ( I didnt give her the money.)He gave her the money. (He didnt lend her the money)He gave her the money. (He didnt give the money to me.)He gave her the money. (He didnt give her the car.)