各类从句讲解.docx

1、各类从句讲解各类从句详解英语从句可以分为名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句三大类：下面我们逐一进行说明：一、名词性从句（主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句） 主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句在复合句中的充当的成分和其名称相同，分别作主句的主语、表语、宾语和同位语。上述这四种从句均被称为名词性从句。所有的名词性从句均不能用逗号分开，并且它们都用相同的关联词，关联词如下： 主从连词：that (无意义), whether (是否), if (是否)（在句子中不充当任何成分） 连接代词：who (谁), whom (谁), whose (谁的), what (什么), which (哪一个

2、) 连接副词：when (什么时候), where (什么地方), how (怎样), why (为什么)主从连词只起连接作用，连接代词和连接副词除了起连接作用外，还充当从句某一个成分。另外，可以用whatever, whichever, whoever, who(m)ever等连接代词引导名词性从句，来加强语气。下面分别对各种名词性从句进行介绍（一）主语从句（subject clause）在主句中用作主语的主谓结构称之为主语从句。例如： That he will come to the discussion is certain.他来参加讨论是确定的。 That the moon moves

3、 round the earth is well known to all of us.月球绕地球转动，这是我们大家都熟知的。 When the meeting is to be held has not yet been decide. 会议什么时候召开还没有决定。主语从句放在句首，句子常常显得比较笨重，因此通常可以把it放在句首，作形式主语，而将主语从句放在后面。例如上面的句子可以分别改写为：It is certain that he will come to the discussion.It is well known to all of us that the moon moves

4、round the earth.It has not yet been decide when the meeting is to be held.下面再举一些例句：What they are after is profit.他们追求的是利润。That he is still alive is sheer luck.他还活着全靠运气。Who did the work is unknown.谁干了这工作无人知道。Whether she will join us wont make too much difference.It wont make too much difference wheth

5、er she will join us. 她是否参与我们的活动无关紧要。Which way is more effective is still a question.It is still a question which way is more effective. 哪种办法效率更高还是个问题。（二）表语从句（predicative clause）在主句中担当表语的主谓结构称之为表语从句。One idea is that fish is the best brain food.有一种看法认为鱼是最好的补脑食品。The problem is where we can hold our mee

6、ting.问题是我们可以在哪儿举行会议。My question is how information is stored in the long-term memory.我的问题是信息是怎样储存在长期记忆中的。That is what he really wants.那就是他真想要的东西。It seems that everything goes smoothly.似乎一切都进行得很顺利。（三）宾语从句（object clause）在主句中作谓语动词、介词及非谓语动词的宾语的主谓结构称之为宾语从句。在引导宾语从句时，从属连词that在口语中和非正式文本中常省略。（1）动词后的宾语从句We kn

7、ow that a parrot cant really speak.我们知道鹦鹉不会真的说话。He wants to tell us what he thinks.他想告诉我们他所想的事情。Knowing that it was going to rain, they decided to work inside the house.知道要下雨了，于是他们决定在室内工作。(现在分词knowing的宾语从句)I want to know whether/if you still work in the factory.我想知道你是否还在工厂工作。（不定式to know的宾语从句）The clu

8、b will give whoever wins a prize. 获胜者俱乐部将颁奖。Up to now we cant say whether his theory can stand the test.到目前为止我们还不能说他的理论是否经得住考验。A little observation will show how the temperature changes.稍加观察就可以看出温度是怎样变化的。Do you know who lives in this room?你知道谁住在这房间里吗？（2） 介词后的宾语从句He laughed at what they said. 她对他们说的话

9、一笑置之。There is disagreement among economists about what money is and how money is measured.什么是货币以及怎样计量货币在经济学家之间存在分歧。（3）形容词的宾语从句有些形容词可以用that引导宾语从句，表示说话人对某一事物的态度并带有感情色彩。常见的这类形容词有：afraid, amazed, astonished, aware, certain, confident, delighted, glad, grateful, happy, proud, sad, sorry, sure, surprised等

10、。 “害怕，惊讶，震惊，意识，确定，自信，高兴，高兴，高兴，高兴，自豪，伤心，对不起，当然，惊讶”例如：I am glad that you have come. 你来了，我真高兴。I am afraid that you are wrong on this point.恐怕你在这点上是错误的。He is quite confident that he will pass the examination.他很有信心通过这个考试。（四）同位词从句（apposition clause）同位语从句就是在句子中担当同位语的主谓结构。主句中有些词义比较抽象的名词，如：belief, doubt, evi

11、dence证据, idea, fact, hope, news, possibility, question, thought等，可以用that、连接代词和连接副词引出同位语从句。There is no doubt that a large number of people benefit from heart surgery.毫无疑问，有许多人得益于心脏外科手术。I have an idea that parents should monitor监控the kind of television their children watch.我有一个想法，父母应该检查孩子看电视的内容。There

12、is the news that some British customers will visit our company. 有消息说几个英国客户要来我公司参观。Is there any proof that the food of the plant differs from that of animals?是否有任何证据可以说明植物性的食物不同于动物性的食物呢？We all know the fact that organization helps memorization.我们都知道这样一个事实：把要记忆的材料组织起来有助于记忆。注意：虽然that在同位语从句中没有什么意义，但不能省略

13、。区别：尽管由that引导的同位语从句与that引导的定语从句很相似，但两者有明显的区别。 (a) that在同位语从句中是连词，只起连接作用，无具体词义，不能在从句中充当成分；而用that引导的定语从句中，that是关系代词，在从句中充当一定成分，并有词意。 (b) 同位语从句与其先行词在逻辑上有“主系表”的关系，例如上面的第一句可以理解为：“许多人得益于心脏外科手术是毫无疑问的”上述其它各句也是如此，而定语从句则没有这种关系。（五）只可用whether但不可用if的情况if, whether引导的名词性从句表示“是否”，其异同点如下：相同点： (a) 用作宾语从句时，它们可互相替换。例如：

14、I wonder if/whether you can help me.我想知道你是否能帮助我。 (b) 都可与or连用。例如：Please tell me if/whether they are Swedish or Danish. 诉我他们是瑞典人还是丹麦人。不同点：（只可用whether但不可用if的情况） (a) if不能用于在句首的主语从句。例如：Whether John will go remains a question. 约翰是否去还是一个问题。Whether she likes the present is not clear to me. 她是否喜欢礼物我还不清楚。但可以说

15、Its not clear to me if/whether she likes the present. （因为没有在句首，所以可以用if） (b) if不能用于表语从句The point is whether we should lend him the money. 问题在于我们是否应该借钱给他。 (c) if不能引导介词的宾语从句I worry about whether he can pass through the crisis of his illness.我担心他是否能度过疾病的危险期。 (d) if不能引导同位语从句They are investigating the que

16、stion whether the man is trustworthy.他们调查他是否值得信赖。 (e) if后不能接or notI dont care whether you like the plan or not. 我不在乎你是否喜欢该计划。是用if还是用whether是一个考点，但能用if的场合一定能用whether，反之则不然。二、定语从句在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句是定语从句（attributive clause）被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词，定语从句必须放在先行词后面。定语从句一般由关系代词：that, which, who, whom, whose和关系副词：when, wh

17、ere, why引出。注意区别：在名词性从句中，that是连词，在句中不充当任何成分，且没有任何意义；而在定语从句中，that是关系代词，在句中充当一定成分，并有词意。（一）由关系代词引出的定语从句关系代词which指物，在从句中作主语或宾语；who指人，在从句中作主语或宾语；whom指人，在从句中作宾语；that指人或物，常用于替代which, who, whom，在从句中作主语或宾语。whose指人或物，在从句中作定语。例如：1.There are many sounds which/that have a meaning and yet are not words.有许多声音有意义但不是

18、词。（which/that在从句中作主语）2.The few points which/that the president stressed in his report are very important indeed.校长在报告中强调的几点确实非常重要。（which/that在从句中作宾语）3.Some people who/that are successful language learners often fail in other fields.有些在语言学习上很成功的人，在其他领域常常一无所成。（who/that在从句中作主语）4.Here is the man whom/wh

19、o/that youve been looking for.这就是你一直在找的人。（whom/who/that在从句中作宾语）5.She lives in the house whose door and windows are broken.她住在门窗已经坏了的房子里。（whose指物，在从句中作定语）6.How many students are there in your class whose parents serve in the government agencies?你们班里有多少同学的父母在政府机关工作。（whose指人，在从句中作定语）注意，在定语从句中的关系代词which

20、, who, whom, that等，如果在从句中作宾语，也可以省略。例如上面的第二句、第四句也可以改为：The few points the president stressed in his report are very important indeed.Here is the man youve been looking for.介词提前在从句中，如果which或whom在定语从句中原为介词的宾语，那么这个介词可以提到从句之前。（但that, who不适用）例如：The girl to whom you spoke is my sister. （The girl whom you sp

21、oke to is my sister.）跟你说话的那个女孩是我妹妹。前面说过，在定语从句中，如果关系代词做宾语可以省略，但是如果是介词的宾语，则关系代词省略后，介词不能提前，例如上句可改写为：The girl you spoke to is my sister.（如果关系代词省略，to不能提前了）（二）关系副词引出的定语从句关系副词when（指时间），where（指地点），why（指原因）等引出的定语从句分别用来修饰表示时间、地点、原因的先行词。这些关系副词在从句中均作状语。例如：1.At the time when I saw him, he was well.在我看到他的时候，他身体很好

22、。2.This is the place where the accident took place last night.这就是昨晚发生事故的地方。3.That is the reason why I am not in favor of your plan.这就是我不赞成你的计划的原因。可以用介词which结构替换关系副词。其中：when at/in/on/during which 表示时间where in/at which 表示地点why for which 表示原因1.Do you remember the day when/on which you joined our club?还

23、记得你加入我们俱乐部的那一天吗？2.He will always remember the day when/on which his father returned from America.他将永远记住父亲从美国返回的那一天。3.This was the time when/at which she left for Beijing.这就是她动身去北京的时间。4.This is the house where/in which I lived two years ago.这是我两年前住过的房子。5.I dont know the reason why/for which he didnt

24、come to the meeting yesterday morning.我不知道他为什么没参加昨天上午的会议。（三）限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句 定语从句根据与先行词的密切程度可分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句限制性定语从句与先行词关系密切，从句是整个句子不可缺少的部分，如果去掉它，句子的意思就不完整或不明确。从句与主句之间不用逗号隔开。译成汉语时，一般先译定语从句，再译先行词。1.The distance that light travels in one second is 300thousand kilometers.光在一秒钟所走的距离为30万公里。2.Th

25、ose who want to go please sign their names here.想去的人在这里签名。3.This is the place where the Anti-Japanese War broke out.这里是抗日战争爆发的地方。此外，前面所给出的例句均为限制性定语从句。非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句与先行词的关系比较松散，从句只是对先行词的附加说明。如果去掉它，句子的意思仍然清楚。从句与主句之间常用逗号隔开。译成汉语时，从句常单独译成一句。例如：1.Steel, which has many useful properties, is widely used i

26、n the machine-building industry.钢有许多有用的特性，所以它在机械制造业中得到了广泛的应用。2.Mr. Brown, who just came from Britain yesterday, will teach us accounting this term.布朗先生昨天刚从英国来，这学期将教我们会计学。3.She is going to spend the winter holidays in Hainan, where she has some relatives.她准备到海南度寒假，那儿她有一些亲戚。（四）as引出的定语从句as常在suchas和same

27、as的结构中作关系代词，引出定语从句。例如：1.Such people as you describe are rare nowadays.你描述的这种人现在已经寥寥无几了。2.Let us discuss only such question as concern everyone of us.我们只讨论与我们每个人有关的问题吧。3.I feel just the same as you do.我的感觉和你一样。4.My stand on this problem is just the same as it was four years ago.在这个问题上，我的立场和四年前一样。（五）关

28、系代词that与which的比较在定语从句中，当先行词是物时，引导词that和which常常可以通用，但以下几种情况需注意。注意1只宜于用which，不用that的情况。(1)先行词为that，those时。Whats that which is under the desk? 在桌子底下的那个是什么？(2)引导词（关系代词）前有介词时。This is the room in which he lives. 这是他居住的房间。注意2只宜于用that，不用which的情况。(1)先行词是形容词最高级或者它的前面有形容词最高级修饰时。The film is the most interesting

29、 that I have ever seen. 这部电影是我看过的最有趣的一部。English is the most difficult subject that you will learn during these years. 英语会是这些年你学的最难的科目。(2)先行词是序数词或它的前面有last或序数词修饰时。Its the first film that I saw this year. 这是我今年看的第一部电影。Tom is always the first that comes to the classroom. Tom总是第一个到教室的人。(3)主句以疑问词who，whic

30、h开头时，不用which或who，以避免重复。Which is the bike that you lost? 哪辆是你丢的自行车？(4)先行词既有人又有物时。They are taiking about the sutdents and the school that they visited yesterday. 他们正在谈论昨天访问的学生和学校。(5)先行词是all, much, little, something, everything, anything, nothing, none, the one等代词时。You should hand in all that you have.

31、 你应该把你有的所有上交。We havent got much that we can offer you. 我们没有太多能提供给你。Is this school the one that we are going to visit tomorrow? 这所学校是我们明天要参观的那个吗？Is there anything that you want to buy? 你有什么想要买的东西吗？(6) 先行词前有no, any, few, little, all, the only, the same, the very等词修饰时。The only thing that we can do is to give you some money. 我们能做的唯一的事就是给你一些钱。There are no children that dont love their parents. 没有孩子不爱他们的父母。三、状语从句在复合句中起状语作用的从句叫状语从句（adverbial clause）。状语从句按其意义可以分为：时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、比较、方式、让步等类别。下面就按状语从句的类别逐一介绍。（一）时间状语从句时间状语从句通常由下列连词引导：when, whenever, as, while, since, till, until, before, after, once,