地理专业英语ppt里面的内容.docx

1、地理专业英语ppt里面的内容English for Geography地理专业英语Lesson 1. Longitude and latitude 经度和纬度P11Lesson 2. Rotation and revolution of the earth 地球的自转和公转P6 2Lesson 3. Map projections and map scale 地图投影与地图比例尺P10 5Lesson 4. The major classes of landforms主要地形类型P136Lesson 5 Delta plains 三角洲平原P168Lesson 6 Limestone cave

2、rns and karst landscapes石灰岩洞和喀斯特景观P21 8Lesson 7 Layers of the Earth 地球圈层P318Lesson 8 The rock cycle 岩石循环P439Lesson 9 Soil pedogenesis 成土作用p4810Lesson 10 Global scale circulation of the atmosphere全球大气环流 P6211Lesson 11 The Hydrologic Cycle 水循环P7411Lesson 12 Three Model of Urban Land Use三种城市土地利用模式P9711

3、Lesson 13 Air pollution cause and effects空气污染原因和影响P16812Lesson 14 Hurricane 飓风P18212Lesson 1. LONGITUDE AND LATITUDE经度和纬度1、The location of points on the earths surface follows a system in which lengths of arc are measured along meridians and parallels； 测定地球表面上点的位置是按照沿着子午线（经线）和纬线测量弧长的方法进行的2、that desi

4、red point 欲量算的点3、the longitude of a place is the arc, measured in degrees, of a parallel between that place and the prime meridian 经度的定义4、the longitude of a place is the arc, measured in degrees, of a parallel between that place and the prime meridian 某地的经度系该地与本初子午线之间的纬线的弧的度数5、almost universally 几乎一

5、致6、The prime meridian is almost universally accepted as the meridian that passes through the old Royal Observatory at Greenwich 人们几乎一致承认以通过格林尼治皇家天文台原址的子午线作为本初子午线7、be referred to as 被称为8、Long. 115。1802 116。5615E；Lat. 23。2510 24。4630W梅州市9、If only 只要 要是、就好，但愿 e.g. If only it clear up, well go. 只要天一放晴，我

6、们就走 e.g. If only you had worked with great care. 你要是更细心一点该多好啊。 e.g. If only he arrives in time. 但愿他及时赶到10、If only the longitude of a point is stated 如果只有，如果只11、the same arc of measure 相同的量算弧度applies to an entire meridian. 12、apply to + 名词或动名词 适用于、请求帮忙 e.g. For particulars, the information desk 请求帮忙1

7、3、the expression 词语14、“a meridian of longitude” 经度子午线15、The actual length, in kilometers or miles, of a degree of longitude 经度一度的实际长度（以公里或英里计）16、It is also useful to know that the length of 1of longitude is reduced to about one-half as much along the 60parallels, or about 55.5km(34.5mi) 到了60度纬线，经度一度

8、的弧的长度减少到原来长度的二分之一左右，即55.5公里。知道这一点也是有用的。17、The latitude of a place is the arc, measured in degrees, of a meridian between that place and the equator. 纬度的定义18、The latitude of a place is the arc, measured in degrees, of a meridian between that place and the equator. 某地的纬度系该地与赤道之间子午线的弧的度数19、when both th

9、e latitude and longitude of a place are given, it is accurately any precisely located with respect to the geographic grid. 确定了一个地方的经纬度，就可以在地里网格上精确地定出它的位置 geographic grid 地理格网 with respect to关于 、 对于 e.g. In respect to the content this essay is good, but it is unsatisfactory in other respects. 关于（至于）这

10、文章的内容是好的，但其他方面不理想20、constant value 常值21、for ordinary purposes 通常情况下22、by no means 决不 23、large scale map 大比例尺地图24、small scale map 小比例尺地图25、A circle, fitted to the curvature of the ellipse at the pole, is larger in radius than a circle fitted to the ellipse at the equator 与极地椭圆相吻合的圆，其半径要比与赤道椭圆相吻合的圆的半径

11、大26、at 15 intervals 每隔15度27、The fixed star(sun)-planet -nebula-comet-meteor恒星-行星-星云-彗星-流星28、Sun Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn,Uranus, Neptune Pluto()29、The Pluto is dwarf planet（矮行星）Lesson 2. ROTATION AND REVOLUTION OF THE EARTH地球的自转和公转 P6Rotation rutein 自转Revolution rvlu:n 公转Polarpul

12、; 地极的 axisksis 轴 Solar day 太阳日 Solar hour 太阳时 centrifugal sentrifjugl 离心的sidereal year 恒星年 tropical year 回归年 Vernal v:nl 春天的 equinox i:kwinks n. 二分点 Vernal equinox 春分（点）calendar year 历年 leap year 闰年Text1、polar axis 极轴2、period of rotation 自转周期3、mean 平均的、 中间的、鄙陋的 mean solar day 平均太阳日 mean solar hour 平

13、均太阳时 mean temperature （ velocity ）平均气温 mean motive 鄙陋的动机 mean opinion 自卑感 Take a mean course 采取折衷方法4、This day is the average time required for the earth to make one complete turn in respect to the sun. 平均太阳日系地球对太阳而言完成一次自转所需的平均时间 in respect to / with respect to 关于5、applying one of the following rules

14、 采用下列法则之一6、Globe 地球仪 Equator 赤道 North Pole 北极 Parallel 纬线 Meridian 经线 The Prime Meridian 本初子午线north pole of the Earth 地球北极counter 反的 、 逆的 counterclockwise 逆时针Counteract 反作用 Countermeasure 对策7、the apparent motion of the sun 视太阳运动 apparent 明显的，表观的，外显的，视 angle 视角; solar time 视太阳时 body 天体 8、The velocity

15、 of earth rotation, defined as rate of travel of a point on the earths surface in a circular path due to rotation alone, may easily be computed by dividing the length of parallel at the latitude of the point in question by 24, the approximate period of rotation. 地球自转速度的定义是地面上某一点仅由于自转而沿圆形轨道运动的速率，用该点所

16、在纬度的纬线长度除以24（自转的近似周期），就可以很容易算出地球的速度。in question 正被讨论的 the point in question 该点 the job in question 该项工作 the book in question 该书9、at constant rate 以恒定的速率10、two important physical phenomena result from the decrease in rotational velocity with increase in latitude. 自转速度随纬度增加而减小，这导致了两个重要的自然现象 physical p

17、henomena 自然现象 result from 起因于11、there is a centrifugal force generated by the earths turning which gives surface objects a faint tendency to fly off into space 地球自转产生了离心力，它使地面上的物体略有脱离地球飞向太空的趋势 centrifugal force 离心力12、this effect is most marked；be marked；be obvious；be outstanding 显著的13、For example, a

18、n object which would weigh 289 pounds at the equator if the earth were not turning actually weighs l pound less. 例如，一个在赤道上的物体在地球不转动的情况下重289磅，它称起来实际上要轻1磅14、Another effect of the decreasing rotational velocity with increasing latitude is to cause objects in motion to be deflected slightly to the right

19、 or left of their paths. 自转速度随纬度增高而减小的另一个影响，是使运动物体或左或右地稍许偏离轨道15、the Ecliptic plane 黄道面16、For example, the time required for the earth to return to a given point in its orbit with reference to the fixed stars is called the sidereal year. 例如，以某些恒星为参照物，地球转回轨道上特定的某一点所需要的时间为恒星年。the fixed stars 恒星with ref

20、erence to 以.为参照sidereal year 恒星年17、For earth-sun relationships we use the tropical year, which is the period of time from one vernal equinox to the next, and has a length of approximately 3651/4 days. 我们用回归年来表示地球与太阳之间的关系，回归年是从一个春分点到下一个春分点的时间周期，长约365.25天。18、The vernal Equinox 春分日 Arctic Circle 北极圈 Th

21、e summer solstice 夏至日 Antarctic Circle 南极圈 The autumnal Equinox 秋分日 polar day 极昼 The winter solstice 冬至日 polar night 极夜19、tropic （天）回归线 the tropic of Cancer （巨蟹座）北回归线 the tropic of Capricorn（摩羯座）南回归线20、tropical 热带的 the tropical zone 热带 the temperate zone 温带 the frigid one; 寒带 the tropical storm 热带风暴

22、;21、hurricane 飓风 Severe ocean storms that develop over the Indian Ocean are called cyclones. Storms that form over the northwestern Pacific Ocean are typhoons. And storms that form over the eastern Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean are hurricanes22、Every four years the extra one-fourth day differ

23、ence （between the tropical years and the calendar year of 365 days ）accumulates to nearly one whole day .23、By inserting a 29th day in February every leap year we are able to correct the calendar with respect to the tropical year. 每逢闰年，在二月份加上第29天，我们就能根据回归年来校正年历。24、Further minor corrections are neces

24、sary to perfect this system. 为了完善这个系统，有必要再作一些小的修正25、In its orbit the earth moves in such a direction that if we imagine ourselves in space, looking down upon the earth and sun so as to see the north pole of the earth, the earth is traveling counterclockwise around the sun. This is the same direction

25、 of turning as the earth rotation.Lesson 3. MAP PROJECTIONS AND MAP SCALE地图投影与地图比例尺 P10Mercator projection 墨卡托投影 distortion n. 畸形；变形navigation n. 航行；导航 converge v. 会聚；集中 exaggerate v. 夸大；夸张 comparison n. 比较；对照continent n. 大陆；陆地 simultaneously ad. 同时地linear a. 线的；直线的 graphic a. 图的；图解的 representative

26、fraction 分数比例尺magnitude n. 大小 disproportionately ad. 不匀称地；不相称地TEXT1、introduce 引起2、a certain amount of distortion 一定程度的变形3、curved surface 弯曲表面4、the amount of distortion 变形的程度5、be disregarded 忽略不计6、A classic instance of this is the well-know Mercator projection. 典型实例7、Mercator projection 墨卡托投影 Equal-a

27、rea projection 等积投影 cylindrical projection 圆柱投影8、exaggerates the east-west dimension of areas near the poles 夸张了极地附近的东西幅度9、In addition it exaggerates the north south dimension, since the parallels are not spaced evenly between the equator and the poles, as they are on the globe, but gradually draw f

28、arther and farther apart with increasing distance from the equator. In addition 另外 In addition to 除- - -之外 Since 因为 on the globe on the earth10、On a Mercator map the mathematical location (latitude and longitude)of every place is accurate, but areas near the poles are stretched out of shape and are

29、greatly distorted in size, with the familiar result that Greenland appears bigger than South America, though in reality it is only one-eighth as large mathematical location 数学位置 with the familiar result that 造成了总所周知的结果 as large= as large as the area of . for visal comparison 用作直观上的大小比较11、Almost endl

30、ess ways have been devised to project the curved surface of the globe onto a plane. 为了将地球弯曲的表面投影到一个平面上，人们几乎想出了无数的方法12、One must take care not to use a particular projection for some purpose for which it was not designed. 大家务必注意，不要把为了某种用途而设计的投影用于其它目的13、It must be remembered that no flat map can simultaneously（同时）represent true direction, true distance, true shape, and true area for a particular segment of earth space.（地球空间某一个别部分的真实面积） 必须记住：平面图不能同时表示真实的方向、距离、形状和地球空间某一个别部分的真实面积。14、For this = reason15、globe is required 我们需要球面图16、Students should keep in mind th