课堂考勤管理系统设计及实现英文翻译.docx

1、课堂考勤管理系统设计及实现英文翻译课堂考勤管理系统设计及实现英文翻译英 文 翻 译 年 级:2002 学 号:20020051 姓 名:苏宁博 专 业:计算机科学与技术 指导老师:陈帆 二零零六年六月 英文翻译 第1页 Active Server Pages & XHTML & XML Active Server Pages When you surf the Internet and peruse a Web page with interactive content, chances are that the page was developed using Microsoft Corp.

2、s Active Server Pages (ASP) technology or Sun Microsystems Inc.s Java Server Pages (JSP) technology. For example, a Web page containing a weather outlook typically offers dynamic information based on specific requests from the Web browser. The graphical presentation of the page wont change, regardle

3、ss of whether the user requests a five-day forecast for Denver or Seattle, but accurate weather information-which usually gets pulled from a database-does. ASPs and JSPs are two of the most popular technologies for generating that type of dynamic content for a Web page. The primary difference betwee

4、n the two development methods is that ASPs generally interact with a back-end environment built with Microsoft technologies, while JSPs live in a Java-based environment. Microsoft introduced ASPs, along with its Internet Information Server 3.0,to allow developers to create Web pages that can interac

5、t with databases and other applications. An ASP is a server-side scripting environment used to create dynamic, interactive Web pages. It contains HTML, which defines the page layout, fonts and graphic elements, and embedded programming code thats written in a Microsoft scripting language. Most ASPs

6、are written using Visual Basic Script or JavaScript, but scripting engines for languages such as Perl and Python are available through third-party vendors. When a Web browser makes a request, the embedded script runs and pulls up a file with an .asp extension from the Web server, which returns the n

7、ew results to the browser. 英文翻译 第2页 As you might expect, Java Server Pages are Suns Java equivalent of Microsofts ASPs. JSP technology is built on top of servlets, a portable Java program that provides server-side processing. XHTML The days in which you could learn HTML in a short time and craft you

8、r own Web page using a text editor are numbered. On the bright side, handling any Web site thats bigger than 10 or 20 pages is about to get a lot easier. “The big win is that you no longer have to force data structures in HTML.”says Steven Pemberton, chairman of the World Wide Web Consortiums (W3C)

9、HTML Working Group. W3C works with businesses and governments to create Web standards. But browser makers historically havent waited for W3C specifications and have either implemented standards before theyre fully defined or implemented them incorrectly. XHTML is the W3Cs attempt to redraw lines blu

10、rred by browser makers HTML was created to be a structural language-nothing more. But browser makers quickly began pushing the envelope, adding presentation capabilities. That often involved nonstandard tags or tricky shortcuts such as using tables to lay out a page, which could slow page-loading ti

11、mes drastically and complicate Web site content management. In the XHTML specification, the language is once again only structural. Tags are used to mark up headings, paragraphs, lists, hypertext links and other structural parts of the document. Style sheets, on the other hand, handle issues of pres

12、entation: fonts, colors and margins. The intent is to simplify sites, decrease download times and more easily present the same content to multiple types of devices. XHTML works by separating content from style. Content creators craft HTML; designers create style sheets. This simplifies the Web serve

13、rs job, since site visitors need to download a style sheet only once. Every subsequent page that refers to that style sheet downloads much more quickly. Changing the look of the site is simplified because you have to change only a few style sheets, not thousands of HTML pages. 英文翻译 第3页 Web server pr

14、ocessing power is saved and less material is transmitted, since HTML documents are free of font tags and color specifications. A future version of XHTML will introduce modules. Many devices, such as cell phones, would need only a subset of XHTML because modules would automatically filter the XHTML t

15、o include only what the device needs. XHTML will ultimately replace proprietary Web file formats such as Portable Document Format files and Flash and other multimedia formats. For example, the Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language (SMIL Version 1.0, pronouncedsmile) allows designers to descri

16、be the temporal behavior and layout of a Web page as well as associate hyperlinks with objects. Along with the Scalable Vector Graphics XML standard, designers could create animations or even augment television feeds using XML. DEFINITION Put XML and HTML together, and you come up with XHTML, the ne

17、xt-generation language standard for the Web. The new language holds the promise of simplifying life for Web developers by clarifying the separation between data, metadata and presentation information. XML People even remotely involved with intranet development know the acronym HTML. The same cant be

18、 said for XML-at least not yet. For those who dont know, XML stands for Extensible Markup Language. It dates back slightly more than a year, to when the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) authorized the creation of something called the SGML Activity. Nobody noticed. XML broke the surface last November

19、with the release of the first language specification. One or two people noticed. On February, Microsoft Corp. and Netscape Communications Corp. became publicly interested in XML. Now a lot of people are noticing. Heres an explanation of why XM was built, what it looks like and how it can be put to p

20、ractical use on your intranet. XML is a drastically simplified subset of the W3Cs Structured General Markup Language (SGML).It provides whats needed to make intranet applications run smarter and faster. On an intranet, XML will enable two 英文翻译 第4页 capabilities notably absent from todays Web technolo

21、gy. XML will make intranet data much easier to manage, because it will be much richer and more self-describing. And it will enable the development of smarter, faster applications by transferring processing from the generally overloaded server to the often under worked desktop PC. Why XML? Web techno

22、logy is great because its easy. Users dont need any training in how to make it go, and information providers can get Web-based applications running on intranets in no time. But Web technology also is a pain, because its stupid and slow. Its stupid because it turns a powerful desktop PC into a dumb b

23、atch terminal. Its slow because to get any work done you have to send a batch of information across the network to the server and then back to your desktop. These problems can be solved by downloading some of the processing work to the fat PC sitting in front of the user. That way, the application c

24、ode on the desktop can respond instantly to each user keystroke and can do at least part of its work without network round trips to the server. One of the key strategies for solving this problem is the use of smarter data. Intranets mostly run on HTML, which does a great job of displaying document a

25、nd graphics. It comes with a fixed set of tags and structures optimized for its purpose. This is fine, but what if you want some indexing information, or want to identify part numbers, or inventories or date of employment in your intranet data? HTML just doesnt do this, and wont. This is what XML ab

26、out. Rather than providing a set of predefined tags, XML requires you to define your own. This mean the documents on your intranet become richer, smarter, customized to your needs and ready for use by your applications. Technical highlights While XML is actually a simplified version of SGML, you don

27、t need to understand SGML to understand XML. This is good, because SGML is incredibly general, flexible and hard to understand. XML takes the most commonly used parts of GML and packages them in an easy-to-understand way. 英文翻译 第5页 With XML, document components are marked with tags and attributes, ju

28、st as in HTML. You can invent your own tags and attributes and, if you want, share them and control their use with a formal declaration called a Document Type Declaration. Whats more, XML is designed so its incredibly easy to write programs to read and extract information from XML files. A good prog

29、rammer can whip up such a program in a day. In addition, XML has built-in facilities for reusing shared information in multiple documents or multiple times in one document. It also handles all the worlds alphabets, based on the Unicode standard-you can mix Arabic, English, Japanese and Russian with

30、no problems. Unlike HTML, XML doesnt have built-in tag formatting, since there are no built-in tags. So to present XML on screen or paper, you have to write a style sheet. In fact, XML wouldnt be useful if not for the arrival of Cascaded Style Sheets(CSS)on the Web technology scene. CSS control the

31、display of Web pages by using an external style sheet rather than built-in tag behaviors. Since XML has no built-in tag behaviors, you have to have style sheets to display it at all. But page creation is much more flexile and sophisticated. XML also requires another new Web technology-Dynamic HTML.

32、One of XMLs main purposes is to allow programs running in the browser(Java or ActiveX) to access and manipulate the data you send over your intranet. Up until recently, with the announcement of Dynamic HTML from Microsoft and Netscape, browsers didnt make this possible. While Dynamic HTML addresses the problem, the two companies versions are incompatible. The good news is that they are now working together