英美文学名词解释整理版.docx

1、英美文学名词解释整理版英美文学名词解释1.Allegory: A tale in verse or prose in which characters, actions, or settings represent abstract ideas or moral qualities. An allegory is a story with two meanings, a literal meaning and a symbolic meaning. 寓言： 用诗歌或散文讲的故事，在这个故事中人物、事件或背景往往代表抽象的概念或道德品质。所有的寓言都是一 个具有双重意义、文学内涵或象征意义的故事

2、。2.Alliteration: The repetition of the initial consonant sounds in poetry.头韵： 诗歌中单词开头读音的重复。3.Allusion: A reference to a person, a place, an event, or a literary work that a writer expects the reader to recognize and respond to. An allusion may be drawn from history, geography, literature, or religio

3、n.典故： 文学作品中作家希望读者能够认识或做出反应的一个人物、地点、事件或文学作品。典故或来自历史、地理、 文学或宗教。4.American Naturalism: American naturalism was a new and harsher realism. American naturalism had beenshaped by the war; by the social upheavals that undermined the comforting faith of an earlier age. America s literary naturalists dismiss

4、ed the validity of comforting moral truths. They attempted to achieve extreme objectivity and frankness, presenting characters of low social and economic classes who were determined by their environment and heredity. In presenting the extremes of life, the naturalists sometimes displayedan affinity

5、to the sensationalism of early romanticism, but unlike their romantic predecessors, the naturalists emphasized that the world was amoral, that men and women had no free will, that lives were controlled by heredity and environment, that the destiny of humanity was misery in life and oblivion in death

6、. Although naturalist literature described the world with sometimes brutal realism, it sometimes also aimed at bettering the world through social reform.美国自然主义 ：美国自然主义是一种新的、更具批判性的现实主义。美国自然主义是在战争和影响人们早期信念的社 会动乱的影响之下形成的。美国的自然主义者往往否定了广为接受的道德真理的正确性，他们想达到极端的客观与直 率，他们所展现的人物往往都是下层社会的人，他们的命运受到环境和遗传的制约。在反应生活

7、方面，自然主义作家 往往表现出早期浪漫主义中感伤主义特征，但和浪漫主义不同的是，自然主义者认为，世界缺乏道德，人不论男女都 没有自由的意愿，他们的生活都受到遗传和环境的控制，人在生前过着悲惨的生活，死后便被人所遗忘。虽然自然主 义文学通过更为苛刻的现实主义手法来展现这个世界，但是他有时也是为了通过社会改革来改善这个世界。5.American Puritanism: Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of the Puritans. The Puritans were originally members of a division of the P

8、rotestant Church. The first settlers who became the founding fathers of the American nation were quite a few of them. They were a group of serious, religious people, advocating highly religious and moral principles. As the word itself hints, Puritans wanted to purity their religious beliefs and prac

9、tices. They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limitedatonement through a special infusion of grace form God. As a culture heritage, Puritanism did have a profound influence on the early American mind. American Puritanism also had a enduring influence on A

10、merican literature.美国清教主义： 清教主义是新教徒的原来的一个分支清教徒的行为和信仰。在美国的第一批居民中有很多就是清 教徒，他们有着严格的宗教信仰和道德准则。就像这个词所暗指的那样，清教徒们想“清化”他们的宗教信仰和行为 习惯。他们相信宿命论、原罪说、全体堕落和有限的赎罪。作为一种文化遗产，美国清教主义在早期美国人的思想上 有着深刻的影响，他对美国文学的影响也是颇为持久的。6.American Realism: In American literature, the Civil War brought the Romantic Period to an end. The

11、Age of Realism came into existence. It came as a reaction against the lie of romanticism and sentimentalism. Realism turned from an emphasis on the strange toward a faithful rendering of the ordinary, a slice of lifeas it is really lived. It expresses the concern for commonplace and the low, and it

12、offers an objective rather than an idealistic view of human nature and human experience.美国现实主义： 在美国文学史上，内战宣告了浪漫主义的终结和现实主义的开始。现实主义反对浪漫主义和感伤主义 的谎言，它从一个陌生的世界转向了普通人的真实生活的描写。它所关心的是普通的下层劳动人民而非理想中的人类 本性和现实经历。7.American Romanticism: The Romantic Period covers the first half of the 19th century. A rising Ame

13、rica with its ideals of democracy and equality, its industrialization, its westward expansion, and a variety of foreign influences were among the important factors which made literary expansion and expression not only possible but also inevitab le in the period immediately following the nation s pol

14、itical independence.Yet, romantics frequently shared certain general characteristics: moral enthusiasm, faith in value of individualism and intuitive perception, and a presumption that the natural world was a source of goodness and man s societies a source of corruption. Romantic values were promine

15、nt in American politics, art, and philosophy until the Civil War. The romantic exaltation of the individual suited the nation s revolutionary heritage and its frontier egalitarianism.美国浪漫主义： 浪漫主义阶段涵盖了 19 世纪前半页。美国的不断壮大和发展以及随之而来的明珠和平等的思想、工业 化的发展、西北边疆的不断扩展和国外的各种影响使浪漫主义作家文学不但成为一种可能，而且使它成为美国政治独 立后的一种必然。然

16、而，浪漫主义文学往往有很多共性：他们热心于道德、相信个人主义价值观和对世界的直观感受， 并且他们认为自然世界是真、善、美的源泉而人类社会则是堕落的根源。在内战以前，浪漫主义价值观占据是政治、 艺术、和哲学等领域，浪漫主义者对个人的赞扬正好迎合了美国的革命遗风和边疆开拓者的品均主义。8.American Transcendentalism: the emergence of the Transcendentalists as an identifiable movement tookimportanceabout life s Nature has been calledplace during

17、 the late 1820s and 1830s, but the roots of their religious philosophy extended much farther back into American religious history. Transcendentalism and evangelical Protestantism followed separate evolutionary branches from American Puritanism, taking as their common ancestor the Calvinism of the se

18、venteenth and eighteenth centuries. They spoke for cultural rejuvenation and against the materialism of American spirit, or the Oversoul, as the most important thing in the Universe. They stressed the of the individual. To them, the individual was the most important element of society. They offered

19、a fresh perceptio n of nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God. Nature was, to them, alive, filled with God overwhelming presence. Transcendentalism is based on the belief that the most fundamental truths and death can be reached only by going beyond the world of the senses. Emersonthe “ Manifesto o

20、f American Transcendentalism ” and his The American Scholar has been rightly regarded asAmerica s “ Declaration of Intellectual Independence ”.个人他们，他的美美国超验主义： 美国超验主义出现的 19 世纪 20 年代末期到三十年代，但是它的根源在宗教史上要远得多。超验主义 和福音派新教分别是美国清教主义的两个分支，他们的祖先是 17 世纪和 18 世纪的加尔文神教。超验主义者主张文化 的复兴，认为“超灵”是宇宙中最重要的事物。他们强调个人的重要性，反对

21、精神上的物质主义。对他们来说， 是一个社会最重要的元素。他们认为自然就是“精神”或“上帝”的象征，它是有生命的，而上帝又无处不在。 认为生与死最基本的真理可以超越感官的世界而获得。艾默生的自然被称为是“美国超验主义的宣言” 国学者则被认为是美国的“文化独立宣言书” 。9.between them.Analogy: (a figure of speech) A comparison made between tow things to show the similarities Analogies are often used for illustration or for argument.

22、类比：(修辞)把两种事物放在一起进行对比从而发现他们的相同点，类比一般用于说明或论述。10.Anapest: It s made up of two unstressed and one stressed syllable s, with the two unstressed ones infront. 抑抑扬格： 抑抑扬格由两个非重度音节和一个重读音节组成，两个非重度音节在前。11.Antagonist: A person or force opposing the protagonist in a narrative; a rival of the hero or heroine. 反面人

23、物： 一个故事中和主人公相对立的人物或一种力量，是男女主人公的对手。12.Antithesis: (a figure of speech) The balancing of two contrasting ideas, words phrases, or sentences.An antithesis is often expressed in a balanced sentence, that is, a sentence in which identical or similar grammatical structure is used to express contrasting id

24、eas. 对偶：(修辞)相互对称的两个短语、句子或思想。对偶往往用一个对称的句子来表达，也就是，一句话中使用相同或 相似的语法结构来表达相互对照的两种事物。13.Aphorism: A concise, pointed statement expressing a wise or clever observation about life. 警句： 用一种简练、准确的方式来表达对生活充满智慧的观点。14.Apostrophe: A figure of speech in which an absent or a dead person, an abstract quality, or some

25、thing nonhuman is addressed directly. 顿呼： 演说或诗歌等中对某人 , 常为死者或不在场者 , 或对拟人的事物所说的话。15.s idea or actions.Argument: A form of discourse in which reason is used to influence or change peopleWriters practice argument most often when writing nonfiction, particularly essays or speeches. 议论： 用讲道理的方法来影响人们的思想或行动

26、的一种文本形式。作家往往是在写非小说文体，尤其是散文或演讲的 时候用这种方法。16.Aside: In drama, lines spoken by a character in an undertone or directly to the audience. An aside ismeant to be unheard by the other characters onstage. 旁白： 在戏剧中低声说出或直接说给观众的台词。旁白在舞台上其他人物是听不到的。17.Assonance: The repetition of similar vowel sounds, especially

27、in poetry. Assonance is often employed to please the ear or emphasize certain sounds. 类韵：在诗歌中相同或相似元音的重复，它的目的主要是用来使句子悦耳动听或用来强调某个音。18.Atmosphere: The prevailing mood or feeling of a literary work. Atmosphere is often developed, at least in part, through descriptions of setting. Such descriptions help

28、to create an emotional climate for the writers to establish the reader s expectations and att itudes.气氛： 文学作品中主要的基调或感觉。气氛的渲染主要是通过对环境的描写来展开的，这种描写有助于作家创造一种 情绪气氛来时感染读者19.Autobiography: A person s account of his or her own life. An autobiography is generally written innarrative form and includes some in

29、trospection.自传： 一个人对他或她自己生活的描述，自传是一种叙述性的文体，多包含回忆性的描写。20.Ballad: A story told in verse and usually meant to be sung. In many countries, the folk ballad was one of the earliest forms of literature. Folk ballads have no known authors. They were transmitted orally from generation to generation and were

30、not set down in writing until centuries after they were first sung. The subject matter of folk ballads stems from the everyday life of the common people. Devices commonly used in ballads are the refrain, incremental repetition, and code language. A later form of ballad is the literary ballad, which

31、imitates the style of the folk ballad.民谣： 民谣是一种做诗配唱的故事。在很多国家，民谣是最早的文学形式之一，都是无名作家所写，它们从开始传唱 到真正写下来要在口头流传好几代人。民谣中所采用的手法多为叠句、重复和暗语。后来民谣就变成了有文字的歌谣， 其风格模仿民间歌谣。21.syllables;Ballad stanza: A type of four-line stanza. The first and third lines have four stressed words or the second and fourth lines have thr

32、ee stresses. Ballad meter is usually iambic. The number of unstressed syllables in each line may vary. The second and fourth lines rhyme.民谣体诗节： 一种四行诗节，第一、三行由四个重读单词或音节组成，二、四行由三个重音组成。民谣的韵脚往往采 用抑扬格的形式，每一行中非重度音节的数目不等，二、四行押韵。22.Biography: A detailed account of a person s life written by another person.23.Blank verse: Verse written in unrhymed iambic pentameter. 素体诗：用五音步抑扬格写的无韵诗。24.Caesura: A break or pause in a line of poetry. 休止： 一行诗中的间断或停顿。25.Canto: A section or division of a long poem. 诗章： 长诗的一部分。26.A physicalCaricature: The use of exaggerati