化学专业词汇.docx

1、化学专业词汇普通化学术语中英文对照表原子atomadj.atomic原子核nucleus质子proton中子neutron电子electron(abbr.e)离子ionan阳离子cation阴离子anion分子molecularmlekjl单质element化合物compound纯净物puresubstance/chemicalsubstance混合物mixture相对原子质量relativeatomicmass(abbr.Ar)相对分子质量relativemolecularmass(abbr.Mr)化学式量relativeformulamass物质的量amountofsubstance阿伏加

2、德罗常数Avogadroconstant(abbr.NA)摩尔mole摩尔质量molarmass实验式/最简式/经验式empiricalformula气体摩尔体积molarvolume阿伏加德罗定律AvogadrosLaw溶液solution溶解dissolve浓度concentration质量/体积分数mass/volumeconcentration浓缩concentrate稀释dilute蒸馏distillation萃取extraction化学反应方程式chemicalequation反应物reactant生成物product固体solid液体liquid气体gaseous溶液aqueou

3、s配平balance化学计量学stoichiometry酸acid碱base/alkali(referstosolublebases)盐salt酸式盐acidsalt离子方程式ionicequation结晶水waterofcrystallisation水合的hydrated无水的anhydrous滴定titration指示剂indicator氧化数oxidationnumber氧化还原反应redoxreaction氧化反应oxidationreaction还原反应reductionreaction歧化反应disproportionationreaction归中反应comproportionat

4、ion(symproportionation)reaction氧化剂oxidisingagent还原剂reducingagent电子层(壳)(electron)shell电离能ionisationenergy(abbr.I.E.)第一， 第二，第三等电离能first,second,third,etc.ionisationenergy(abbr.1st,2nd,3rd,etc.I.E.)电子亲和能electronaffinityenergy(abbr.A.E.)屏蔽效应electronicshielding(screening)原子轨道atomicorbital电子云electroncloud电

5、子亚层sub-shell能层layer能级energylevel电子排布electronconfiguration电子云重叠shelloverlap洪特规则Hundsrule泡利原理Pauliexclusionprinciple基态groundstate激发态excitedstate跃迁transition手性chiralitykai-化学键chemicalbond键长bondlength键级bondorder键角bondangle键能bondenthalpies离子键ionicbond供体donor受体acceptor静电吸引electrostaticattraction巨型离子结构gian

6、tionicstructure共价键covalentkvelntbond巨型共价结构giantcovalentstructure共用电子对sharedpair/bondingpair孤对电子lonepair/non-bondingpair键-bond键-bond键-bond极性共价键polarbond非极性共价键non-polarbond配位键dipolarbond/dativecovalentbond/coordinatebond电负性electronegativity极性polarity偶极子dipole分子间作用力intermolecularforces氢键hydrogenbond范德华

7、力vanderWaalsforce色散力dispersionforce诱导力inductionforce取向力orientationforce/dipole-dipoleforce金属键metallicbond离域delocalisationdi:,luklaizein延展性malleability,mlblti可锻性ductilitydktlt导电性electricalconductivity合金alloy元素周期表thePeriodicTable周期period族group原子序数protonnumber同位素isotopeastp核素nuclidenjuklad同量异位素isobaras

8、()b金属metal非金属nonmetal碱金属alkalimetal碱土金属alkalineearthmetal卤素halogen稀有气体noblegas元素周期律periodictrends活泼active稳定noble分解反应decompositionreaction化合反应combination(synthesis)reaction取代反应displacementreaction复分解反应saltmetathesismtsisreaction/doublereplacement(displacement)reaction沉淀precipitationpr,spte()n官能团funct

9、ionalgroup碳氢化合物/烃hydrocarbon饱和烃saturatedhydrocarbon不饱和烃unsaturatedhydrocarbon脂肪烃aliphatic,lftkhydrocarbon脂环烃alicyclicsaklk; hrdrocarbon同系物homologoushmlgsseries异构现象isomerismaismrizm同分异构体isomerideaismraid同素异形体allotropy/allotropism分子式molecularformula通式generalformula结构式displayedformula结构简式structuralform

10、ula键线式skeletalformula均裂homolyticfission异裂heterolyticfission亲核试剂nucleophilenjuklifail亲电子试剂electrophile加成反应additionreaction加水加成hydrationreaction加成聚合反应additionpolymerisation聚合物polymer单体monomer链节repeatunit缩合聚合反应condensationreaction缩聚物condensationpolymer取代反应substitutionreaction脱水dehydration水解hydrolysis卤代

11、反应halogenationreaction酯化反应esterificationreaction亲核取代nucleophilicsubstitution消去反应eliminationreaction裂化反应cracking(reaction)石油分馏fractionaldistillation燃烧combustion发酵fermentation氟氯烃chlorofluorocarbons产率percentageyield原子利用率atomeconomy红外光谱学infraredspectroscopy质谱分析massspectroscopy光谱spectrum挥发性volatility冷凝回流

12、reflux反应机理reactionmechanism能量守恒定律lawofconservationofenergy热力学thermodynamic:mudai-焓enthalpy(abbr.H)enlpi焓变enthalpychange(abbr.H)标准焓standardenthalpychange(abbr.H)标准反应焓standardenthalpychange(abbr.Hr)燃烧热heatofcombustion标准燃烧焓standardenthalpychangeofcombustion(abbr.Hc)标准生成焓standardenthalpychangeofformatio

13、n(abbr.Hf)放热反应exothermiceksu-reaction吸热反应endothermicreaction热化学方程式thermochemical:mu-equation活化能activationenergy(abbe.Ea)比热容specificheatcapacity键焓bondenthalpy平均键焓averagebondenthalpy盖斯定律Hesslaw有效碰撞理论collisiontheory反应速率rateofreaction/reactionrate反应动力学reactionkinetics催化剂catalyst催化作用catalysis酶enzymeenzai

14、m波尔兹曼分布律theBoltzmanndistribution化学平衡(chemical)equilibriumi:kwi-可逆反应reversiblereaction动态平衡dynamicequilibrium平衡常数chemicalequilibriumconstant浓度幂concentrationpower平衡移动shiftofequilibriumstate吉布斯自由能Gibbsfreeenergy(abbr.G)阿累尼乌斯方程theArrheniusri:nisEquation自发反应spontaneousspnteinisreaction熵entropy(abbr.S)温室效应

15、greenhouseeffect吸附作用adsorption绿色化学greenchemistry溶解度solubility离子反应ionicreaction电离ionisation电解质electrolyte电离平衡ionisationequilibrium电离常数ionisationconstant离子积ion-productconstant氢离子浓度指数hydrogenionconcentration(abbr.pHfromFrenchpotentieldhydrogne)溶解平衡dissolutionequilibriumdslu()n ekw溶度积solubilityproduct原电

16、池galvanic(voltaic)cellglvnk盐桥saltbridge电极electrode正极/阳极anode负极/阴极cathode标准电极电势standardelectrodepotential(abbr.E0)干电池drycell一次电池primarycell(battery)二次电池/蓄电池secondarycell/storagebattery充电charge放电discharge燃料电池fuelcell电解electrolysis电解池/电解槽electrolyticcell电镀galvanisation,lvnaizein电偶腐蚀/电化腐蚀galvaniccorrosi

17、on分子空间构型moleculargeometries杂化hybrid轨道orbital晶格lattice晶体crystal晶胞crystalstructure堆积作用sedimentation,sedmnten常见元素氢hydrogen(abbr.H)haidrdn氦helium(abbr.He)hi:lim锂lithium(abbr.Li)liim硼boron(abbr.B)b:rn碳carbon(abbr.C)k:bn氮nitrogen(abbr.N)naitrdn氧oxygen(abbr.O)ksidn氟fluorine(abbr.F)fluri:n氖neon(abbr.Ne)ni:n

18、钠sodium(abbr.Na)sudim镁magnesium(abbr.Mg)铝aluminum(abbr.Al),lminim硅silicon(abbr.Si)silikn磷phosphorus(abbr.P)fsfrs硫sulfur(abbr.S)slf氯chlorine(abbr.Cl)kl:ri:n氩argon(abbr.Ar):n钾potassium(abbr.K)ptsim钙calcium(abbr.Ca)klsim钛titanium(abbr.Ti)taiteinim铬chromium(abbr.Cr)krumjm锰manganese(abbr.Mn)mni:z铁iron(ab

19、br.Fe)an钴cobalt(abbr.Co)kub:lt镍nickel(abbr.Ni)nikl铜copper(abbr.Cu)kp锌zinc(abbr.Zn)zik砷arsenic(abbr.As):snik溴bromine(abbr.Br)brumi:n银silver(abbr.Ag)silv锡tin(abbr.Sn)tin碘iodine(abbr.I)氙xenon(abbr.Xe)zenn钡barium(abbr.Ba)berim钨tungsten(abbr.W)tstn铂platinum(abbr.Pt)pltinm金gold(abbr.Au)uld汞mercury(abbr.Hg

20、)m:kjuri铅lead(abbr.Pb)led常见单质氢气、氮气、氧气、氟气、氯气、液溴、固态碘的名称同元素名称金刚石diamonddaimnd石墨graphitegrfait臭氧ozoneuzun红磷redphosphorus白磷whitephosphorus常见根离子(commonradicals)氢化的hydridehaidraid硼酸boric(acid)adj.boratebret碳化的carbideka:baid碳酸carbonickbnk (acid)adj.carbonate碳酸氢根bicarbonate/hydrogencarbonate氮化的nitridenaitrai

21、d叠氮化的azidezaid硝酸nitric(acid)adj.nitrate亚硝酸nitrousnatrs (acid)adj.nitrite氧化的oxideksaid二氧化的dioxidedai-三氧化的trioxidetraksad过氧根peroxy(radical)adj.peroxidepksaid超氧化的superoxidesjupksaid氢氧根hydroxylhaidrksil(radical)adj.hydroxide水合氢离子hydronium氟化的fluoride偏铝酸meta-aluminicmetljuminik(acid)adj.meta-aluminateljum

22、net四羟基合铝酸hydroxyl-aluminichaidrksil-(acid)硅酸silicicsilisik(acid)adj.silicate磷酸phosphoric(acid)adj.phosphate磷酸二氢根dihydrogenphosphate 磷酸氢根hydrogenphosphate硫化的sulfide硫氢根bisulphide/sulphanide/hydrogensulphide硫酸sulphuric(acid)adj.sulphate硫酸氢根bisulphate/hydrogensulphate亚硫酸sulphurous(acid)adj.sulphite亚硫酸氢根

23、bisulphite/hydrogensulphite硫代硫酸根thiosulphateaiu-焦硫酸根persulphatep:-氯化的chlorideklraid氢氯酸/盐酸hydrochloric(acid)高氯酸perchloric(acid)adj.perchlorate氯酸chloric(acid)adj.chlorate亚氯酸chlorous(acid)adj.chlorite次氯酸hypochlorous(acid)adj.hypochlorite溴化的bromide氢溴酸、高溴酸、溴酸、亚溴酸、次溴酸名称参见氯碘化的iodideaidaid氢碘酸、高碘酸、碘酸、亚碘酸、次碘酸

24、名称参见氯卤化的halide铵根ammoniummunim高锰酸根permanganate锰酸根manganate氰根cyanidesainaid硫氰根thiocyanateaiusaineit铬酸根chromate重铬酸根dichromate常见无机化合物(commoninorganiccompounds)氢化钠sodiumhydride氨ammonia/azane-硅烷silanesi-磷化氢phosphine硫化氢hydrogensulphide氮化镁magnesiumnitride四氧化三铁iron(II,III)oxide二氟化氧oxygendifluoride氯化氢hydrogen

25、chloride氯化亚铁iron(II)chloride/ferrouschloride氯化铁iron(III)chloride/ferricchloride氯化亚锡tin(II)chloride/stannouschloride四羟基合铝酸钠sodiumaluminate磷酸二氢钠monosodiumphosphate磷酸氢二钠disodiumphosphate氯化铵ammoniumchloride硫氢化钠/硫氢酸钠sodiumhydrosulphide系统命名法(chemicalnomenclature)一mono-二di-三tri-四tetra-五penta-六hexa-七hepta-八octa-九nona-十deca-烷烃alkane(preffixalkyl-,suff