四级英语语法.docx

1、四级英语语法一、英语中构成疑问句（除对主语或主语之定语提问的特殊疑问句外），通常须使用倒装结构，这是语法结构的需要。例如：1When are we going to drink to your happiness? 我们什么时候喝你们的喜酒?2Have you seen the film?你看了那部电影吗?3Have you anything like that?在美国英语中常见：Do you have anything like that?你有那样的东西吗?二、以副词here，there，off，out，away等开头的句子，主要是表示感叹语气的句子，当其主语为名词时，通常要使用倒装。例如：

2、4. Here comes our teacher! 你们的老师来了！5Away went the boy to the school! 那男孩子到学校里去了！6Off goes the woman! 那个女人走了！三、当构成关联从属连词so.that的so位于句首时，往往要使用倒装结构。例如：7So loudly did the students read that people could hear them out in the street同学们大声读书，人们在街上都听得见（他们的读书声）。8So small were the words that he could hardly se

3、e them.字那么小，他几乎看不见。四、以引导词there开头的句子，须使用倒装结构。例如：(A) 表示“有”之概念的“There be 主语” 结构：9 There are three books on the desk 桌上有三本书。10There were something in the box. 箱子里有东西。(B) 用于正式文体，特别是文学作品中的 there不及物动词十主语 结构，当主语不明确而又是一个很长的名词短语时，往往使用这种结构：11There entered a strange little man.走进来一个奇怪而身材又矮小的人。12. Once there liv

4、ed an old fisherman in a village by the sea.从前，海边的一个村子里住着一位老渔夫。在叙述性和描绘性的书面语中，这种结构若带有地点状语，而且把这种状语放在句首时，可以用省略there的倒装结构。如：13In the cottage lives a family of six.在这幢小茅舍里住着一家六口。五、当平时一般不放在句首的状语，为了强调起见而放在句首时，使用倒装结构。例如：14 Near the bridge was an old cottage.在桥的附近有一幢古老的小茅舍。15Well do I remember the day I saw

5、a wild tiger见到一只猛虎的那一天，我记得很清楚。六、当直接引语的一部分或者全部位于句首时，引述分句的主语又是名词或名词短语，该引述分句常用倒装结构。例如：16. What shall we do? said the teacher.“我们怎么呢？”老师说。17、 Great! said my father. Ill go there.好极了! 我父亲说。“我将到那里去。”七、某些让步状语从句往往把表语提到主语前面或放在句首，以构成倒装结构。例如：18. No matter how interesting the book is，he doesnt like to read it（语

6、序是：No matter how表语十主语十系动词be）不管这本书多有趣，他都不想看。19However hard a solid may be，we can change its shape.（语序是： However+表语+主语+系动词be）不管一个固体有多硬，我们都可以改变其形状。20Young as he is, he knows some of the family secrets.（语序是：表语十as代词作主语十系动词be）尽管他年纪小，他却知道家里的一些秘密。21Difficult as the work was (或：Difficult as was the work)，it

7、was finished in time.（语序是：表语十as十名词作主语十系动词be，或：表语as系动词be名词作主语）工作虽然困难，还是及时完成了。注1) 用as引导的让步状语从句，表语应放在as之前（例20和例21）；如果主语是代词，主语就要放在系动词be之前。例20；如果主语是名词，则主语可以放在系动词be之前或后，如例21。(2) 用as引导的让步状语从句中，如果谓语是“助动词+主要动词原形”，则应把主要动词原形放在as之前，其语序为：主要动词原形as主语十助动词。例如：22. Try as I might, I could not lift the stone.尽管我用尽力气，我还

8、是举不起这块石头。八、有些表示“感叹、祝愿”等语气的句子，也可使用倒装结构。例如：23Isnt it cold!天气真冷！24Was I surprised!我真感到惊奇！25May both be happy!祝你们两位幸福。more thana)接名词，意为“不仅，不止”，有and的意思。He was more than a scientist, but was a poet.他不仅是为科学家，还是个诗人。b)接数词，意为“.以上”。More than twenty people were injured in the accident.20多人在事故中受伤。c)接形容词，意为“非常，十分

9、”。He was more than pleased with her performance.他对她的表演非常满意。d)接含can的从句，意为“如此.不能；.得不”。The beauty of the place is more than I can describe.那地方美得无法形容。e)接动词，意为“不仅是.而且还.”。They decide to do more than talk about the rise of the cheatingwould rather dowould rather not dowould rather than 宁愿而不愿。还有would sooner

10、, had rather, had sooner都表示宁愿、宁可的意思。If I have a choice, I had sooner not continue my studies at this school.I would rather stay here than go home. = I would stay here rather than go home.典型例题-Shall we go skating or stay at home?-Which _ do?A. do you ratherB. would you rather C. will you rather D. sh

11、ould you rather答案B。本题考查情态动词rather的用法，would rather +do sth 意为宁愿，本题为疑问句，would 提前，所以选B。延续动词与瞬间动词1) 用于完成时的区别延续动词表示经验、经历； 瞬间动词表示行为的结 果，不能与表示段的时间状语连用。He has completed the work.他已完成了那项工作。 (表结果)Ive known him since then. 我从那时起就认识他了。(表经历)2)用于till / until从句的差异延续动词用于肯定句，表示做直到 瞬间动词用于否定句，表示到，才He didnt come back u

12、ntil ten oclock.他到10 点才回来。He slept until ten oclock.他一直睡到10点。典型例题1. You dont need to describe her. I _ her several times.A. had metB. have met C. metD. meet答案B. 首先本题后句强调对现在的影响，我知道她的模样，你不用描述。再次，several times告知为反复发生的动作，因此用现在完成时。2.-Im sorry to keep you waiting.-Oh, not at all. I _ here only a few minut

13、es.A. have been B. had been C. wasD. will be答案A. 等待的动作由过去开始，持续到现在，应用现在完成时。情态动词的回答方式问句肯定回答否定回答Need you?Yes, I must.No,I needntMust you?/dont have to.典型例题1）-Could I borrow your dictionary?-Yes, of course, you_.A. mightB. will C. can D. should答案C.could表示委婉的语气，并不为时态。答语中of course，表示肯定的语气，允许某人做某事时，用can和 m

14、ay来表达，不能用could或might。复习： will 与you连用，用来提出要求或下命令。should与you 连用，用来提出劝告。2）-Shall I tell John about it?-No, you _. Ive told him already.A. needntB. wouldntC. mustntD. shouldnt答案A。neednt 不必，不用。 wouldnt 将不, 不会的。 mustnt 禁止、不能。 shouldnt不应该。本题为不需要，不必的意思，应用neednt。3）-Dont forget to come to my birthday party to

15、morrow.-_.A. I dont B.I wont C. I cantD. I havent答案B.will既可当作情态动词，表请求、建议、也可作为实义动词表意愿、意志、决心，本题表示决心，选B。动词(时态,语态,用法,省略,一致性等)时态1)现在完成进行时态 (have/has been + -ing 分词构成): 动作或状态从过去某时开始,继续到现在,可能继续下去,也可能刚刚结束.Ive been writing letters for an hour.Ive been sitting in the garden.2)过去完成进行时(由had been + ing分词构成): 过去某

16、个时刻以前一直在进行的动作Id been working for some time when he called.We had been waiting for her for two hours by the time she came.3)将来完成进行时: 将来某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作.By next summer, he will have been working here for twenty years.In another months time shell have been studying here for three years.4)将来完成时(由shall/wil

17、l have + 过去分词构成): 将来某时会业已发生的事.I shall have finished this one before lunch.Theyll have hit the years target by the end of October.语态可以有两种被动结构的类型,例如:He was said to be jealous of her success.It was said that he was jealous of her success.能同时适用于上述两个句型的主动词通常都是表示“估计”,“相信”等意义的动词,常见的有assume,believe,expect,f

18、ear,feel,know,presume,report,say,suppose,understand等.It is supposed that the ship has been sunk.The ship is supposed to have been sunk.担当be supposed to 与不定式的一般形式搭配时往往表示不同的意义.例如:Why are you driving so fast in this area? You are supposed to know the speed to know the speed limit. (你应该晓得速度限制)双宾语及宾补结构的被

19、动语态双宾语结构的被动语态: 双宾语结构变为被动语态时,可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语,另一个宾语仍然保留在谓语后面,但多数是把间接宾语变为主语.He was asked a number of questions at the press conference.Two days were allowed them for making the necessary preparations.宾补结构的被动语态:She was called Big Sister by everybody.Then he was made a squad leader.He was considered qu

20、ite qualified for the job.The room was always kept clean and tidy.短语动词Vi + advThe plane took off two hours late.Vi + prepThey looked round the Cathedral.Vi + prep (有被动语态)Shes looking after her sisters children.The children were always well looked after.Vi + adv + prepI began to look forward to their

21、 visits.Vt + O + advSome women choose to stay at home and bring up their children.The children were brought up by their mother.They took him on.Vt + adv + O (无被动语态)I am trying to give up smoking.Vt + O + prepWe talked Donald into agreement.代词作主语时的一致each, either, neither和由some, any, no, every构成的复合代词,

22、都作单数看待.Each of us has something to say.Is everybody ready?Somebody is using the phone.Neither of us has gone through regular training.Has either of them told you?some, few, both, many 等作复数some 可后接复数,也可接单数,表示某一.none作复数看待时较多,但也有时作单数看待,主要看说话人脑中联系想到的是复数还是单数概念, 但none 在代表不可数的东西时总是看作单数:None of the books ar

23、e easy enough for usNone of us seem to have thought of it.None (= not a single one) of us has got a camera.None (= nobody) has felt it more keenly than she did.None of this worries me.all 和most 可后接复数,也可接不可数名词 (all of the, most of the ), 动词用单数.由and 或 both and 连接名词词组时, 后用复数; 由not onlybut (also), eithe

24、ror, neithernor或 or 连接的并列主语, 谓语通常和最邻近的主语一致.Not only the switches but also the old writing has been changed.My sister or my brother is likely to be at home.Either you or Mr Yang is to do the work.Neither my wife nor I myself am able to persuade my daughter to change her mind.如果一个句子是由there 或here引导, 而主

25、语又不止一个, 谓语通常也和最邻近的那个主语一致.There was carved in the board a dragon and a phoenix.Here is a pen, a few envelopes and some paper for you.people, police, cattle, poultry (家禽), militia (民兵) 等通常都用作复数.Cattle are grazing on the pasture.The police are looking for him.有些集体名词有时作单数看待, 有时作复数看待, 主要根据意思来决定.His famil

26、y isnt very large.His family are all music lovers.The committee meets twice a month.The committee are divided in opinion.The audience was enormous.The audience were greatly moved at the words.有些名词单复数同形, 可根据意思决定谓语动词的数:This new series is beginning next month.These new series are beginning next month.T

27、his species is now extinct.These species are now extinct.表示时间, 重量, 长度, 价值等的名词, 尽管仍是复数形式, 如果作整体看待, 动词也可用单数形式 (当然用复数动词也是可以的):Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations.One hundred li was covered in a single night.由连词that引起的主语从句: 这类主语从句在大多数情况下都放到句子后部去, 而用代词it做形式上的主语:That we need more

28、 equipment is quite obvious.It is impossible that I may not able to come.It doesnt seem likely that she will be here.在口语中连词that有时可以省略掉:Its good youre so considerate.Its a pity you missed such a fine talk.由连接代词或连接副词(或whether)引起的主语从句: 这类主语从句, 也可以放到句子后部去, 前面用it做形式上的主语.When we shall have our sports meet

29、 is still a question.It is still a question when we shall have our sports meet.Whether he will join us wont make too much difference.It wont make too much difference whether he will join us.2宾语从句: 和主语从句及表语从句一样, 宾语从句也有以上三类.a) 连接代词或副词引导的从句只是在某些动词后能用作宾语.Tell me what you want.I just cant imagine how he

30、could have done such a thing.Have you decided whom you are to nominate as your candidate.能跟这类宾语从句的常见动词有: see, say, tell, ask, answer, know, decide, find out, imagine, suggest, doubt, wonder, show, discover, discuss, understand, inform, advise等. 这种动词后也常用whether或if引导的从与作宾语:I dont know whether these figure are accurate.Im wondering if the letter is overweight.这种从句有时前面可以有另一个宾语:Has she informed you whe