语法及词汇知识更.docx

1、语法及词汇知识更语法讲义及练习主要内容：1 动词时态和语态2非谓语动词3虚拟语气4定语从句和名词性从句1. 动词的时态和语态11 动词的时态和语态一览表时态语态一般现在时:客观事实和规律 一般过去时：以前的事。 一般将来时：将来发生的事。主动被动doare donedidwere donewill dowill be done现在进行时 ：动作正在发生过去进行时 ：过去那一时间正在发生的事。将来进行时：将来正在发生。主动被动 are doingare being donewere doingwere being donewill be doing现在完成时 ：动作已经完成对现在有一定的结果。过

2、去完成时 ：过去的过去，表明到过去某一世界已经完成。将来完成时：主动 被动have donehave been donehad donehad been donewill have donewill have been done现在完成进行时：强调一直。主动 被动have been doing1.2 动词主要时态的意义及运用*一般现在时常用时间状语：often, always, usually, sometimes, everyday. 要注意一般人称单数。 例：All the food that (keep) our bodies strong, was once in the vegeta

3、ble form. 答案是keeps，因为是客观真理，食物的作用在过去、现在、将来都是一样的。*现在进行时：难点是现在分词的写法。 例：1) They listen to their Walkmans while the teacher (talk) to them. while是关键词，while后面如果是持续动作的动词时要用现在进行时。其它进行时的判断是NOW，表明正在进行*现在完成时：从过去开始持续到现在（动作已经结束）同时强调对现在留有某种后果和影响。标志：over the past ten years（从现在往前推ten年）、for three years(时间段)、since 19

4、80(从1980年到现在)、in the past twenty years 、during the past decade ,(看到past想到现在完成时)up to now, so far,*现在完成进行时: 从过去一直持续到现在，没有间断。时间是整块儿的。汉语提示语：一直 标志：all the morning(一整上午)、e.g. The water has been running the whole night. *一般过去时：肯定有明确的过去时间。是时间点。标志：in the 1964、或有从句时间暗示。 一般过去时与现在完成时的区别：一般过去时只介绍事件本身不涉及跟现在的关系；现

5、在完成时 强调对现在的影响主要是说明现在的情况。例：I went to see the movie yesterday. (我昨天做的事) I have seen the movie. (我知道故事情景) 注意：某些名词也可以引导时间状语从句：the moment、the minute、every time、*过去进行时：过去某时正在发生的动作。*过去完成时：过去的过去。过去某个时间或动作之前已经完成的动作。 标志: by+过去时间。By和so far只能暗示是完成时，关键看by的后面。 例: By the time we got to the airport the plane (take)

6、 off. Some savage tribes believed that eating enemies that (show) bravery in battle would make them brave. By the middle of the century, both radio and television (become) established means of transmitting sounds and pictures. *一般将来时：注意：1、条件状语从句中没有将来时用一般现在时表将来（主句是将来时的三种之一，是哪种根据具体细节看）。但要注意时间状语和条件状语是主

7、将从现的情况。 例：Your mind (keep) up with your reading speed if you ask it to. *将来进行时：注意现在分词的写法。标志：this time next week（下周的这一时间正在怎么样） *将来完成时：将来某个时间或动作之前完成的。 例：1。I (do) all the work by the time（到.时,当.时）（引导时间状语：主将从现、by说明是完成时）you are back this evening. （时间状语从句中没有将来时，用一般现在时表将来、主句是将来时的三种之一，是哪种根据具体细节看，此句有by所以是完成时

8、） 2到.时,当.时The birds (move) to the south before winter comes. before winter comes引导时间状语从句，主局根据意思是“鸟已经到南方去了”，所以是完成时。应该用将来完成时。1) 现在完成时，过去完成时和将来完成时英语提示语： , by the end of this week, by the year of 1995 ,汉语提示语：已经，早已，了e.g. We havent met each other since last year. By the end of this week, well have finishe

9、d the task.3) 过去完成时a) said, reported, thought 等引导的间接引语中。e.g. He missed the train. He said he had missed the train. b) hardly（Scarcely）when, no sooner than，一（刚）。就。用法：1、记搭配。2、记用法：3个词放句首要倒装。3、3个词后面的时态是过去完成时。e.g. No sooner had he got up than he received the call. c) 与过去事实相反的虚拟语气的条件状语从句中e.g. If I had tri

10、ed harder, I would have won. I wish I had done better in the exam. *语态： 只有谓语才能有被动语态。Be过去分词。Be有时态、人称、数的变化。能够从主动语态转为被动语态的句子中的动词肯定是及物动词。被动语态句子中通常不用动作执行者，如果要表示出来的话用by。 例：I beat he; He was beaten by me. 判断下面被动语态句的时态 1） Cars are seen everywhere in cities. 被动语态的一般现在时。2） The work was finally finished. 被动语态的

11、一般过去时。3） Mary will be invited to dinner tonight. 被动语态的一般将来时。4） The window has been broken. 被动语态的现在完成时。5） The classroom is being cleaned by the students. 6） The house had been repaired before he came back. 7） The program was being broadcasted when he cooked. 8） He said that no water would be brought

12、to the village because of the rain.*主动变被动三步：1 找主、谓、宾；2 看时态；3 把主动语态的宾语变被动语态的主语。 注意：1、被动语态中的助动词be在人称和数上要和被动语态句子中的主语保持一致。时态要和原主动句一致。原句的谓语动词变为过去分词放在助动词之后。2、情态动词的被动语态的结构是：情态动词be及物动词过去分词。因情态动词后是加动词原型所以be不用再变了。3、短语动词要作为整体看，不能拆开。The children have been taken their ch off. Off不能丢。4、主动语态中如有双宾语变被动语态的时候只将其中一个变为主

13、语另一个不变。选哪一个都可以。I gived him a watch .He was given a watch by me . A watch was given to him by me. 例如：主动:I helped my mother (to) wash the dishies. 被动：My mother was helped to wash the dishies. 强化练习 1) Someone had cleaned the window. The window had been cleaned .2) We use the room only on special occasi

14、ons. 3) They were starting a new system. A new system was being started.4) You must finish the homework before 9. The homework must be finished before 9.5) Somebody has already told him to come. 注意：1、常出现在V、VI大题中，不知道谁是动作的执行者的时候用被动语态。如汉译英句子：据说、大家、等这种模糊的主语不知道具体的时候要用被动语态。 2、没必要指出或不想指出动作的执行者。如：电视广告一遍又一遍的

15、放。历年考题 ：1) Sometimes ocean currents (call) “rivers in the sea”. Sometimes告诉是一般现在、ocean currents告诉是复数。2) In the 1720s, diamonds (discover) in Brazil. In the 1720s告诉是过去时，diamonds告诉是复数3) The solutions to real problems (can not see) in advance. can not be seen.正常情况下NOT要跟第一个助动词。4) The right answers can b

16、e obtained only if the right questions (ask). 5) Usually, garage-sale items (price) at a very small part of their original cost. Usually一般现在历年考题中的动词时态和语态1. Much of the carbon in the earth _ (come) from things that once lived. 2. In the past two decades, research _ (expand) our knowledge about sleep

17、and dream. 3. Some proverbs _ (be) in the language for 1,000 years, for example, A friend in need is a friend indeed. 4. _ (stand) at the gate was a young man in green coat. 5. In 1991, after the Gulf War, Bushs approved rating reached 91 percent, the highest level recorded since polling _ (begin) i

18、n the 19302. 6. Seeing violence on television or reading about it in the newspapers every day _ (make) us tolerate crime more than we should. 7. So far, Irving _ (live) in New York City for ten years. 8. The patient _ (send) to another hospital before we got there. 9. The second half of the nineteen

19、th century _ (witness) the first extended translation into English of the writings of Eliphas Levi. 10. All the worries they might have felt for him _ (drive) off by the sight of his cheerful face. Key:1. comes 一般现在时，主语为不可数名词，谓语用单数2. has expanded 现在完成时3. has been 现在完成时4. Standing 过去进行时的倒装形式5. began

20、一般过去时6. makes 一般现在时，动名词做主语，谓语用单数7. has been living 现在完成进行时8. had been sent 过去完成时的被动形式9. witnessed 一般过去时10. were driven 一般过去时的被动2. 非谓语动词2.1 动词主要时态和语态一览表非谓语动词形式意义现在分词一 般 式Doing主动, 正在进行被 动 式being done被动, 正在进行完成主动式having done主动, 已经完成完成被动式having been done被动, 已经完成过去分词Done被动, 已经完成动词不定式一 般 式to do主动,将要进行被 动

21、式逻辑主语to be done被动, 将要进行完成主动式to have done主动, 已经完成完成被动式to have been done被动，已经完成进行主动式to be doing主动, 正在进行例：1、 He wanted the letter to be mailed at once.不定式被动 This is the question to be discussed today. 不定式被动 2、不用被动的情况：He has no one to take care of. 没人需要他的照顾。按理one和take care of应 该是用被动，但和句子主语又是主动，所以可以不用被动。

22、 We have many difficulties to overcome. Overcome本和difficulties有动宾关系，但又和WE是主动关系。*不定式短语：指不定式中的及物动词有宾语、不及物动词有状语、不定式前加疑问词。*不定式逻辑主语：For名词/代词to do。在V大题中注意For.*不定式、分词、动名词的否定形式均在前面。*90以上的分词以ing结尾的形容词修饰的中心词是物、ed结尾的形容词修饰的中心词是人。2.2. 非谓语动词作状语动词不定式：1）目的状语；2）结果状语e.g. I came here to meet you. （目的） To make a decisi

23、on he has to consider so many . 为了做决定他不得不考虑很多。（目的） He hurried to the rail station only to miss the train. （结果）分词：1) 伴随状语；2）原因状语；3）条件状语 4）让步状语；5）时间状语e.g. Walking along the street, he met his old friend. （时间） Being very tired, my father didnt go out with us. （原因） Made by hand, the silk shirt is very e

24、xpensive. （原因） Seen from the space, the earth looks like a blue ball. (条件)2.3 非谓语动词，状语从句和独立结构1) Having done their homework, the children began to play. (分词作状语)2) After having done their homework, the children began to play. （连词+分词）3) After they had done their homework, the children began to play. （状

25、语从句）4) With homework done, the children began to play. （独立结构）2.4 非谓语动词作定语1) If there is no choice, there is no decision _ (make). (to be made) 3) Do you know the man _ ( stand) in front of the house? (standing) 4) The question _ (discuss) at the moment is very important. (being discussed) 5) The bri

26、dge _ (build) in the 1950s is still in good condition. (built) 2.5 动名词和动词不定式 作主语和表语动名词作主语/表语表示一般、抽象的情况；动词不定时作主语表示具体某次的情况。e.g Rising early is good for health. To rise early tomorrow is difficult for me. It is difficult for me to rise early tomorrow. My biggest wish is to go abroad. Seeing is believin

27、g. 作宾语接动名词作宾语的动词：(6) admit , acknowledge, advance, allow, appreciate, avoid, (2) cease , consider , (3) delay, deny, dislike，(3) enjoy , escape, excuse，(4) forbid(forbad,forbidden), forgive, finish, fancy(想象, 设想, 认为, 爱好, 自负,)(3) include , involve, imagine,(1) justify(证明。是正当的；为。辩护) (1) keep，(2) mind

28、, miss,(1) neglect .(2) practice , postpone, (2) resist，risk，(1) suggest , (1) worth .(6短语) put off, feel like(介词), look forward to, be used to, be accustomed to,(习惯于), give up, cant help，etc. 接动词不定式作宾语的动词：afford,agree,ask,cease,chance,begin,decide, desire, determine ,dare(实义动词时)，effect, expect, eag

29、er,force,fail,happen, hope ,intend(想要, 打算,),long(渴望) ，learn,manage(设法),neglect,offer,pretend, plan, promise, prefer,prepare,refuse ,seem, start,tendency, threaten, tend,want, wish,be supposed to, be bound to do sth., be likely to, used to, be willing(unwilling) to, reluctant to, be liable to do（有。倾向

30、的） , *know(knew, known):不能直接加不定式做宾语，需要加what , where ,when ,how.接动词不定式作定语的动词：1、 叙述词last , only , best +不定式：He is the first to make decision. First在这里表明是人。2、 常用不定式做定语的名词：ability, attempt , chance? , way ?,decision,3、 only tooto表示肯定4、 means:方法，手段。（by means of通过；by no means.决不，放局首倒装。）接动词不定式作宾语补足语的动词：宾语补足语与宾语有逻辑上的主谓关系。1、例：We ask him to make a decision. 因是him做决定所以后面用不定式的主动态。2、不定式省to的词：常考的有make , see。还有其它使意动词和感观