环境科学工程专业英语翻译.docx

1、环境科学工程专业英语翻译第四单元阅读材料：Reading Material : Analytical Technique and Methodology第八单元：空气污染物的来源和类型第八单元 Reading Material : Type and Sources of Air Pollutants II J 阅读材料：空气污染物的类型和来源（）What are PCBs? 什么是多氯联苯？There are 209 possible chlorinated biphenyls, ranging in physical characteristics. 大概有209种氯化联苯，其物理性质不同。

2、The mono-and dichloro biphenyls ( 27323-18-8), ( 25512-42-9) are colorless crystalline compounds that when burned in air give rise to soot and hydrogen chloride. 一氯联苯和二氯联苯（27323-18-8），（25512-42-9）是无色晶体的化合物，当它们在空气中燃烧会产生烟尘和氯化氢。The most important products are trichlorobiphenyls,tetrachlorobiphenyls, pe

3、ntachlorobiphenyls and/ or hexachlorobiphenyls. 最重要的产品是三氯化联苯，四氯联苯，五氯联苯和/或六氯联苯。Chlorinated biphenyls are soluble in many organic solvents and in water only in the ppm range. 多氯联苯可溶于有机溶剂和仅在水的百万分之一ppm（part per million）的范围内溶解。Although chemically stable (including to oxygen of the air) they can be hydrol

4、yzed tooxybiphenyls under extreme conditions forming toxic polychlorodibenzofurans. 氯化联苯易溶于在许多有机溶剂和水只有在的范围内的可溶性。虽然化学稳定性（包括空气中的氧气）但是在一定条件下，多氯联苯可水解氧化成二氧化苯极端条件下形成的有毒的多氯代苯并二噁英。The PCB class of compounds received substantial attention and notoriety when in 1968, in Japan,accidental poisoning occurred by

5、cooking rice in bran oil contaminated by PCBs. 在1968年，多氯联苯类化合物受到实质性的的关注和得到臭名，日本用受到多氯联苯污染的米糠油做饭的意外中毒事件。Over 1000 patients suffered from various morbid symptoms. 超过1000例患者出现各种病态症状。A similar poisoning occurred in Taiwan in 1979. Causative agents were considered to be coconaminants of PCBs such as polyc

6、hlorinated dibenzofurans that are secondarily formed during heating of PCBs congeners in commercial PCB mixtures and require a second look at PCB toxicity. 1979年台湾有一个类似的中毒事件。病原体被认为是如多氯二苯并呋喃的多氯联苯，其次是PCBs多氯联苯同系物在商业PCB混合物在加热过程中形成的，需要第二次看看PCB的毒性。PCB regulation多氯联苯的管理Because of concerns regarding PCB s h

7、ealth effects and evidence of presence and persistence in the environment further manufacture of the chemical was banned under The 1976 Toxic Substance Control Act. 由于担心多氯联苯对健康的影响和证明存在以及持续在环境中会进一步制造化学物质的，在1976年美国有毒物质控制法中被禁止了。PCB regulations provide deadlines for removal of most in-use capacitors and

8、 transformers containing PCBs and limit time for storage for disposal to one year. 多氯联苯的管理提出最后期限为了最大去除使用电容器和变压器逗留的多氯联苯和限制储存一年就要处理。EPA has allowed continued use of PCBs in electrical transformers and capacitors when the agency did not pose unreasonable risk. 当经销产品不会产生过度的危险时，环境保护局允许继续使用含多氯联苯的电子电容器和变压器

9、。Capacitors, except those in isolated areas should have been removed by October 1988, and transformers of a certain size in or near commercial buildings should be removed by October 1990. 电容器，除了那些分散地方的应该被移走在1988年10月之后，变压器的某一些型号和靠近商业建筑的应该被移走在1990年10月后。EPA regulations require that PCBs taken out of se

10、rvice be disposed of either by specially designed high temperature incinerators needed to break high concentrations of PCBs to harmless components or by alternate destruction methods approved by the agency. Environmental Protection Agency 美国环保署，法规要求PCB服务多氯联苯或者处置的，通过特别设计的高温焚化炉需要打破高浓度的多氯联苯的无害组件或替代由该机构

11、批准的销毁方法。Oils contaminated with low concentrations (50-500ppm) may be disposed by high efficiency boilers. 低浓度（50500PPM）污染的油可以通过高效率的锅炉处理。The limited number of incinerators approved for PCB incineration and the high cost of building additional incinerators have given incentive for alternate destructio

12、n methods. Alternate technologies must be capable of operating as effectively as EPA s incineration efficiency. 批准用于焚烧多氯联苯的焚烧炉数量被限制和成本高且附有焚烧炉的建筑鼓励使用一一分解的方法。选择的技术的运转效率必须能够达到环境保护局的焚烧效率。PCBs in electrical transformers 多氯联苯的电流体变压器There were 304 million lb of PCBs used as electrical fluid in approximatel

13、y 150000 askarel ( non-flammable electrical fluid) transformers in the United States. 在美国有304百万磅的多氯联苯被当做电流体使用，大约150000阿斯卡列（不易燃的电流体）变压器。About 70000 PCB transformers are in or near commercial buildings that are open to the public. 大约70000多氯联苯变压器建在或靠近对公众开放的商业建筑。About 40000 of these transformers are own

14、ed by electrical utilities. Approximately 15000 of these transformers are used in the food and feed industry. 大约40000这些变压器缺少电设施。大约15000这些变压器被使用在食品和饲料工业。Utilities and other industries must maintain or dispose of approximately 150000 askareltype transformers that may develop leaks. 公用事业等行业必须保持或处置约1500

15、00氯代联苯型变压器可能出现的漏洞。 Each year, an estimated 317 askarel-type transformers can be expected to leak. Each will lose about 5. 3 gal or 66 lb of PCBs. 公共设施和其他工业必须维护或处理大约150000阿斯卡列型变压器可能产生的泄露，每一年，估计317阿斯卡列型变压器被暴露泄露，将损失5.3/s或66磅多氯联苯。Transformers classification变压器的分类The EPA has three classification for tran

16、sformers: 环保局已对变压器三分类： PCB transformers contain 500 or more ppm PCBs. 多氯联苯变压器，多氯联苯含量在百万分之500或超过百万分之一。They must be inspected quarterly for leaks, and detailed records must be kept. 每季度被检查出的泄露会被详细的记录并保存。No maintenance work involving removal of the core is allowed .除去核心没有维持工作涉及的是被允许的。At the end of the

17、transformers useful life, it must be destroyed in an EPA-approved facility, or the transformer liquid must be incinerated and the carcass landfilled. 在变压器有效寿命的尽头，它会被环境保护局支持的设施销毁，或变压器的液体被焚烧和外壳被掩埋。The courts and the EPA have held the original transformer owner liable for leakage that may occur for as

18、long as the carcass remains in the landfill. 环境保护局要呼吁变最初压器拥有者对液体泄漏负责任并且提供足够大的场地对变压器掩埋。PCB-contaminated transformers contain between 50 and 400 ppm PCBs and require annual inspection. The rule concerning disposal, maintenance, and record keeping are less restrictive and less costly than those for PCB

19、 transformers. 受多氯联苯污染的变压器，多氯联苯含量在百万分之50至百万分之400之间和要求必须每年检查。管理涉及处理、维护、记录保持在最小限制或者接近多氯联苯变压器要求的含量。Non-PCB transformers have less than 50 ppm PCBs and are exempt from the burdensome rules and requirements that apply to PCB and PCBs contaminated transformers. 没有多氯联苯的变压器，多氯联苯含量少于百万分之50和免除了一些繁杂的规则和要求比在应用于

20、多氯联苯变压器和受多氯联苯污染的变压器。NonPCB transformers are granted favor under the Toxic Substances Control Act. 没有多氯联苯的变压器被包含在美国有毒物质控制法里。 Analysis of PCBs 多氯联苯分析Analytical methods most frequently used for detecting chlorinated biphenyls are capillary column gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry in the

21、 MID ( Multiple Ion Detection) mode and capillary column gas chromatography with ECD ( Electron Capture Detector). 分析法最频繁用于发现含氯联苯，在多离子检测的模式下顶空毛管气象色谱与质谱分析结合、顶空毛管气象色谱与电子捕获测器结合。HPLC ( High Pressure Liquid Chromatography) and infrared spectroscopy are applicable to a limited extent. 高效液相色谱和红外光谱适用于限制的范围。

22、Summary PCB determinations are also possible, though not usual. These require exhaustive chlorination and measurement of the decachlorbipheny content or dechlorination and subsequent biphenyl measurement.总结，多氯联苯的测定尽管不常用，也是有可能的。这是需要彻底的氯化作用好十氯联苯内容的测定或者脱氯后联苯的测定。Infrared tested on PCBs多氯联苯的红外测试Infrared

23、thermal treatment technology was field tested for effectiveness on PCBs contaminated soil at two Superfund sites during 1986. 在1986年期间，红外热治疗技术在俩个超级基金地被现场检测受多氯联苯污染的土地的有效性。The transportable pilot system consisted of a primary furnace through which solid/ semisolid wastes were conveyed on a wire mesh b

24、elt. 移动式试验系是由一个一次火炉通过固体/半固体废物被传送到钢丝网运输带。The heat source was supplied by electric glow bars in lieu of gaseous fuels. 火源通过发电光棒代替气体燃料提供。 Residence times and furnace temperatures could be controlled manually or automatically giving uniform ash. 为了提供均化灰分，停留时间和燃烧炉温度可以手动或自动控制。A secondary chamber, heated b

25、y electric or gaseous fuels, followed the primary furnace and provided temperatures m excess of 220 F. The system was designed to comply with all RCRA and TSCA requirements.二次火炉通过电或气体燃料加热，与一次火炉一样和提供的温度超过2200F。系统被设计成符合资源保护和回收法案以及美国有毒物质控制法要求。Select from Paul N. C. , High hazardous pollutants, Asestos,

26、 PCBs, dioxins, biomedical wastes, PollutionEngineering, Vol. 21, No. 2, 1989unit 12 Text: Water Pollution and Pollutants第十二单元：水污染与污染物The relationship between polluted water and disease was firmly established with the cholera epidemic of 1854 in Londo, England. Protection of public health, the origi

27、nal purpose of pollution control, continues to be the primary objective in many areas. 1854年英国伦敦爆发了大规模的流行性霍乱。此事明确地证实了污水和疾病之间的关系。当初以公共健康为目的所采取的污染控制，依然是许多地区的主要目的。 However, preservation of water resources, protection of fishing areas, and maintenance of recreational waters are additional concerns today

28、. 然而，水资源的保持，产鱼区的防护，以及娱乐活动用水的维持在今天也成为关注的焦点。Water pollution problems intensified following World War II when dramatic increases in urban density and industrialization occurred. 紧随第二次世界大战之后所产生的城市人口密度突增和工业化进程的加剧，都使得水污染问题越见明显。Concern over water pollution reached a peak in the mid-seventies.致使对于水污染的关注程度在7

29、0年代中期达到了顶峰。 Water pollution is an imprecise term that reveals nothing about either the type of polluting material or its source. The way we deal with the waste problem depends upon whether the contaminants are oxygen demanding, algae promoting, infectious, toxic, or simply unsightly. 水污染是一个不准确的术语，它并

30、未指出污染物的种类和来源。而我们处理废水问题的方式往往取决于以下几个方面：污染物是否需要氧气，是否助长藻类，是否有传染性，是否有毒，或者仅仅是否好看。 Pollution of our water resources can occur directly from sewer outfalls or industrial discharges (point sources) or indirectly from air pollution or agricultural or urban runoff ( nonpoint sources). 水源的污染可能直接来自生活污水的排放或工厂污水排放

31、（点源），也可能间接地由空气污染、农业排水或城市排水（非点源）所引发。 Chemically pure water 1s a collection of H2 0 molecules-nothing else. 化学上所谓的纯水仅仅是水分子的集合。Such a substance is not found in nature-not in wild streams or lakes, not in clouds or rain, not in falling snow, nor in the polar ice caps. 无论在野外的河流或湖泊、云层或雨水中，还是在下雪期间，极地的冰帽地区，

32、这种物质在自然界均不能找到。Very pure water can be prepared in the laboratory but only with considerable difficulty. 然而在实验室中可以制备非常纯净的水，但是存在一定的困难。Water accepts and holds foreign matter.因为水极易接受和容纳外来物质。 Municipal wastewater, also called sewage, is a complex mixture contammg water( usually over 99 percent) together with organic and inorganic contaminants, both suspended and dissolved. 城市污水，也被称作生活污水，是一种复杂的混合物，它包含水（通常超过99）以及悬浮或溶解的有机和无机污染物。The concentration of these contaminants is normally very low and is expressed in mg/L, that i