1、linux磁盘分区详解1 磁盘及分区格式化公司的一台Linux开发主机在安装时/home没有独立分区,随着用户不断增多,经常因根分区磁盘空间耗尽而故障频发,为了解决这些问题,现要新增加一块SCSI 硬盘,并将用户目录“/home”中的数据迁移到该硬盘中。1添加一块80GB的SCSI接口的新硬盘,从中划分出一个20GB的主分区。2将新划出的20GB的分区格式化为EXT3文件系统,替换掉现有的/home目录。3迁移后不影响系统原有用户账号的使用。4从其余空间中划出2GB逻辑分区作交换空间、划出10GB逻辑分区作FAT32分区。1查看当前的磁盘分区情况1)直接通过“fdisk -l”查看1. roo
2、tsvr5 # fdisk -l2. 3. Disk /dev/sda:85.8 GB,85899345920 bytes4. 255 heads,63 sectors/track,10443 cylinders5. Units = cylinders of 16065*512=8225280 bytes6. 7. Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System8. /dev/sda1 *11310439183 Linux9. /dev/sda2 1425632048287583 Linux10. /dev/sda3 256428242096482+82 Linu
3、x swap / Solaris2)通过“fdisk 磁盘设备”查看执行以下操作:1. rootsvr5 # fdisk /dev/sda2. .然后会进入到fdisk的交互式程序界面,输入指令p可查看分区情况:1. The number of cylinders forthis disk is set to 10443.2. There is nothing wrong with that, but this is larger than 1024,3. and could in certain setups cause problems with:4. 1) software that r
4、uns at boot time(e.g., old versions of LILO)5. 2) booting and partitioning software from other OSs6. (e.g., DOS FDISK, OS/2 FDISK)7. 8. Command(m for help): p9. 10. Disk /dev/sda:85.8 GB,85899345920 bytes11. 255 heads,63 sectors/track,10443 cylinders12. Units = cylinders of 16065*512=8225280 bytes13
5、. 14. Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System15. /dev/sda1 *11310439183 Linux16. /dev/sda2 1425632048287583 Linux17. /dev/sda3 256428242096482+82 Linux swap / Solaris关于fdisk交互的操作指令,可根据提示输入指令m获得。1. Command(m for help): m /执行m指令列出帮助信息2. Command action3. a toggle a bootable flag4. b edit bsd disklabel5.
6、 c toggle the dos compatibility flag6. d delete a partition / d 删除一个分区7. l list known partition types / l 列出已知的分区类型8. m print this menu / m 获得帮助9. n add a new partition / n 添加一个新的分区10. o create a new empty DOS partition table11. p print the partition table / p 查看分区表12. q quit without saving changes
7、/ q 不保存退出13. s create a new empty Sun disklabel14. t change a partitions system id / t 更改分区的类型标记15. u change display/entry units16. v verify the partition table17. w write table to disk and exit / w 保存退出18. x extra functionality (experts only)2为RHEL 5虚拟机添加一块新磁盘1)添加磁盘将虚拟机关闭电源,通过“编辑虚拟机设置”-“添加”-“硬盘”-“创
8、建一个新的磁盘”-“SCSI(建议)”-“磁盘大小”设为80GB-“完成”,最终添加一块容量为80GB的SCSI接口的虚拟磁盘,如图-1所示。图2)识别新磁盘重新打开虚拟机电源,登入Linux系统,执行fdisk -l确认新识别的硬盘。一般是硬盘序号靠后的,没有包含任何分区的空磁盘就是,比如/dev/sdb:1. rootsvr5 # fdisk -l2. 3. Disk /dev/sda:85.8 GB,85899345920 bytes4. 255 heads,63 sectors/track,10443 cylinders5. Units = cylinders of 16065*512
9、=8225280 bytes6. 7. Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System8. /dev/sda1 *11310439183 Linux9. /dev/sda2 1425632048287583 Linux10. /dev/sda3 256428242096482+82 Linux swap / Solaris11. 12. Disk /dev/sdb:85.8 GB,85899345920 bytes /新增加的磁盘13. 255 heads,63 sectors/track,10443 cylinders14. Units = cylinders
10、of 16065*512=8225280 bytes15. 16. Disk /dev/sdb doesnt contain a valid partition table17. /提示没有有效的分区表3为新加的磁盘/dev/sdb规划分区1)执行“fdisk /dev/sdb”命令进入分区界面:1. rootsvr5 # fdisk /dev/sdb2. Device contains neither a valid DOS partition table, nor Sun, SGI or OSF disklabel3. Building a new DOS disklabel. Chang
11、es will remain in memory only,4. until you decide to write them. After that, of course, the previous5. content wont be recoverable.6. 7. The number of cylinders for this disk is set to 10443.8. There is nothing wrong with that, but this is larger than 1024,9. and could in certain setups cause proble
12、ms with:10. 1) software that runs at boot time (e.g., old versions of LILO)11. 2) booting and partitioning software from other OSs12. (e.g., DOS FDISK, OS/2 FDISK)13. Warning: invalid flag 0x0000 of partition table 4 will be corrected by w(rite)14. 15. Command (m for help): /等待输入交互指令输入p指令后按Enter键,可列
13、出当前的分区表,可以看到还没有任何分区:1. Command(m for help): p / p 查看分区表2. 3. Disk /dev/sdb:85.8 GB,85899345920 bytes4. 255 heads,63 sectors/track,10443 cylinders5. Units = cylinders of 16065*512=8225280 bytes6. 7. Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System2)创建第一个主分区 /dev/sdb1执行 n 指令以新建分区:1. Command(m for help): n / n 新
14、建分区2. Command action3. e extended4. p primary partition(1-4)根据提示执行 p 指令,表示要新建一个主分区(若按e表示新建扩展分区);然后依次输入分区序号 1、起始柱面(默认)、结束柱面 +20G:1. p /新建一个主分区2. Partition number(1-4):1 /使用的分区序号为13. First cylinder(1-10443,default1):4. Using default value 15. Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK(1-10443,default1
15、0443):+20G设置完毕又回到等待状态,再次执行 p 指令可确认刚新建的分区/dev/sdb1:1. Command(m for help): p2. 3. Disk /dev/sdb:85.8 GB,85899345920 bytes4. 255 heads,63 sectors/track,10443 cylinders5. Units = cylinders of 16065*512=8225280 bytes6. 7. Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System8. /dev/sdb1 124331954304183 Linux3)创建第二个主分区
16、 /dev/sdb2再次执行 n 指令以新建分区:1. Command(m for help): n2. Command action3. e extended4. p primary partition(1-4)根据提示再次执行 p 指令,表示要新建的还是一个主分区;然后依次输入分区序号 2、起始柱面(默认)、结束柱面 +20G:1. p /再新建一个主分区2. Partition number(1-4):2 /使用的分区序号为23. First cylinder(2434-10443,default2434):4. Using default value 24345. Last cylin
17、der or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK(2434-10443,default10443):+20G执行 p 指令确认新的分区结果,可看到新划分出的 /dev/sdb2:1. Command(m for help): p2. 3. Disk /dev/sdb:85.8 GB,85899345920 bytes4. 255 heads,63 sectors/track,10443 cylinders5. Units = cylinders of 16065*512=8225280 bytes6. 7. Device Boot Start End Blocks Id Sys
18、tem8. /dev/sdb1 124331954304183 Linux9. /dev/sdb2 2434486619543072+83 Linux4)新建扩展分区 /dev/sdb4再次执行 p 指令以新建分区:1. Command(m for help): n2. Command action3. e extended4. p primary partition(1-4)此时选e表示将选择建扩展分区;接下来分区序号选4(四个主分区位置就只剩下3和4可选,任用其中一个)、起始柱面(默认)、结束柱面(默认),将剩余的全部空间都分给扩展分区:1. e2. Partition number(1-
19、4):4 /使用的分区序号为43. First cylinder(4867-10443,default4867):4. Using default value 48675. Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK(4867-10443,default10443):执行 p 指令确认新的分区结果,可看到新增加的扩展分区 /dev/sdb4:1. Command(m for help): p2. 3. Disk /dev/sdb:85.8 GB,85899345920 bytes4. 255 heads,63 sectors/track,10443 c
20、ylinders5. Units = cylinders of 16065*512=8225280 bytes6. 7. Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System8. /dev/sdb1 124331954304183 Linux9. /dev/sdb2 2434486619543072+83 Linux10. /dev/sdb4 48671044344797252+5 Extended5)新建逻辑分区 /dev/sdb5、/dev/sdb6再次执行 n 指令以新建分区:1. Command(m for help): n2. Command action3.
21、 l logical(5 or over)4. p primary partition(1-4)此时因为扩展分区已建立,所以不再提供e可选,而是变为l(逻辑分区),p 虽然还可选,但实际上已经没有可分配空间了,选了也没用。别无选择,只有选l,表示将要建立一个逻辑分区(容量2GB):1. l /新建一个逻辑分区2. First cylinder(4867-10443,default4867):3. Using default value 48674. Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK(4867-10443,default10443):+2G继续
22、再建立另一个10GB的逻辑分区:1. Command(m for help): n2. Command action3. l logical(5 or over)4. p primary partition(1-4)5. l /再新建一个逻辑分区6. First cylinder(5111-10443,default5111):7. Using default value 51118. Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK(5111-10443,default10443):+10G执行 p 指令确认分区结果,可看到新增加的逻辑分区 /dev/sd
23、b5、/dev/sdb6:1. Command(m for help): p2. 3. Disk /dev/sdb:85.8 GB,85899345920 bytes4. 255 heads,63 sectors/track,10443 cylinders5. Units = cylinders of 16065*512=8225280 bytes6. 7. Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System8. /dev/sdb1 124331954304183 Linux9. /dev/sdb2 2434486619543072+83 Linux10. /dev/
24、sdb4 48671044344797252+5 Extended11. /dev/sdb5 486751101959898+83 Linux12. /dev/sdb6 51116327977552183 Linux6)修改分区 /dev/sdb5、/dev/sdb6 的类型标识执行 l 指令以列出已知的16进制分区类型代码(EXT为83、交换分区为82、FAT32大分区为c):1. Command(m for help): l2. 3. 0 Empty 1e Hidden W95 FAT1 80 Old Minix bf Solaris4. 1 FAT12 24 NEC DOS 81 Min
25、ix / old Lin c1 DRDOS/sec(FAT-5. 2 XENIX root 39 Plan 982 Linux swap / So c4 DRDOS/sec(FAT-6. 3 XENIX usr 3c PartitionMagic 83 Linux c6 DRDOS/sec(FAT-7. 4 FAT16 32M 40 Venix 8028684 OS/2 hidden C: c7 Syrinx8. 5 Extended 41 PPC PReP Boot 85 Linux extended da Non-FS data9. 6 FAT16 42 SFS 86 NTFS volum
26、e set db CP/M / CTOS /.10. 7 HPFS/NTFS 4d QNX4.x 87 NTFS volume set de Dell Utility11. 8 AIX 4e QNX4.x 2nd part 88 Linux plaintext df BootIt12. 9 AIX bootable 4f QNX4.x 3rd part 8e Linux LVM e1 DOS access13. a OS/2 Boot Manag 50 OnTrack DM 93 Amoeba e3 DOS R/O14. b W95 FAT32 51 OnTrack DM6 Aux 94 Am
27、oeba BBT e4 SpeedStor15. c W95 FAT32(LBA)52 CP/M 9f BSD/OS eb BeOS fs16. e W95 FAT16(LBA)53 OnTrack DM6 Aux a0 IBM Thinkpad hi ee EFI GPT17. f W95 Extd (LBA) 54 OnTrackDM6 a5 FreeBSD ef EFI (FAT-12/16/18. 10 OPUS 55 EZ-Drive a6 OpenBSD f0 Linux/PA-RISC b19. 11 Hidden FAT12 56 Golden Bow a7 NeXTSTEP
28、f1 SpeedStor20. 12 Compaq diagnost 5c Priam Edisk a8 Darwin UFS f4 SpeedStor21. 14 Hidden FAT16 3 61 SpeedStor a9 NetBSD f2 DOS secondary22. 16 Hidden FAT16 63 GNU HURD or Sys ab Darwin boot fb VMware VMFS23. 17 Hidden HPFS/NTF 64 Novell Netware b7 BSDI fs fc VMware VMKCORE24. 18 AST SmartSleep 65 N
29、ovell Netware b8 BSDI swap fd Linux raid auto25. 1b Hidden W95 FAT3 70 DiskSecure Mult bb Boot Wizard hid fe LANstep26. 1c Hidden W95 FAT3 75 PC/IX be Solaris boot ff BBT执行 t 指令以更改分区类型、目标分区序号为5、类型标识改为82:1. Command(m for help): t /修改分区类型2. Partition number(1-6):5 /修改/dev/sdb53. Hex code(type L to list codes):82 /类型改为82(交换分区)4. Cha
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