雅思阅读全真模拟题.docx

1、雅思阅读全真模拟题2019年雅思阅读全真模拟题：幸福的科学解释 Can Scientists tell us： What happiness is? A Economists accept that if people describe themselves as happy, then theyare happy. However, psychologists differentiate between levels of happiness. Themost immediate type involves a feeling; pleasure or joy. But sometimes

2、happinessis a judgment that life is satisfying, and does not imply an emotional state.Esteemed psychologist Martin Seligman has spearheaded an effort to study thescience of happiness. The bad news is that were not wired to be happy. The goodnews is that we can do something about it. Since its origin

3、s in a Leipziglaboratory 130 years ago, psychology has had little to say about goodness andcontentment. Mostly psychologists have concerned themselves with weakness andmisery. There are libraries full of theories about why we get sad, worried, andangry. It hasnt been respectable science to study wha

4、t happens when lives gowell. Positive experiences, such as joy, kindness, altruism and heroism, havemainly been ignored. For every 100 psychology papers dealing with anxiety ordepression, only one concerns a positive trait. B A few pioneers in experimental psychology bucked the trend. Professor Alic

5、eIsen of Cornell University and colleagues have demonstrated how positiveemotions make people think faster and more creatively. Showing how easy it is togive people an intellectual boost, Isen divided doctors making a trickydiagnosis into three groups： one received candy, one read humanistic stateme

6、ntsabout medicine, one was a control group. The doctors who had candy displayed themost creative thinking and worked more efficiently. Inspired by Isen and others,Seligman got stuck in. He raised millions of dollars of research money andfunded 50 research groups involving 150 scientists across the w

7、orld. Fourpositive psychology centres opened, decorated in cheerful colours and furnishedwith sofas and baby-sitters. There were get-togethers on Mexican beaches wherepsychologists would snorkel and eat fajitas, then form pods to discusssubjects such as wonder and awe. A thousand therapists were coa

8、ched in the newscience. C But critics are demanding answers to big questions. What is the point ofdefining levels of happiness and classifying the virtues? Arent these conceptsvague and impossible to pin down? Can you justify spending funds to researchpositive states when there are problems such as

9、famine, flood and epidemicdepression to be solved? Seligman knows his work can be belittled alongsidetrite notions such as the power of positive thinking. His plan to stop the newscience floating on the waves of self- improvement fashions is to make sure itis anchored to positive philosophy above, a

10、nd to positive biology below. D And this takes us back to our evolutionary past. Homo sapiens evolvedduring the Pleistocene era (1.8 m to 10,000 years ago), a time of hardship andturmoil. It was the Ice Age, and our ancestors endured long freezes as glaciersformed, then ferocious floods as the ice m

11、asses melted. We shared the planetwith terrifying creatures such as mammoths, elephant-sized ground sloths andsabre-toothed cats. But by the end of the Pleistocene, all these animals wereextinct. Humans, on the other hand, had evolved large brains and used theirintelligence to make fire and sophisti

12、cated tools, to develop talk and socialrituals. Survival in a time of adversity forged our brains into a persistentmould. Professor Seligman says： Because our brain evolved during a time of ice,flood and famine, we have a catastrophic brain. The way the brain works islooking for whats wrong. The pro

13、blem is, that worked in the Pleistocene era. Itfavoured you, but it doesnt work in the modem world. E Although most people rate themselves as happy, there is a wealth ofevidence to show that negative thinking is deeply ingrained in the human psyche.Experiments show that we remember failures more viv

14、idly than successes. We dwellon what went badly, not what went well. Of the six universal emotions, fouranger, fear, disgust and sadness are negative and only one, joy, is positive.The sixth, surprise, is psychologist Daniel Nettle, author of Happiness, and oneof the Royal Institution lecturers, the

15、 negative emotions each tell ussomething bad has happened and suggest a different course of action. F What is it about the structure of the brain that underlies our bias towardsnegative thinking? And is there a biology of joy? At Iowa University,neuroscientists studied what happens when people are s

16、hown pleasant andunpleasant pictures. When subjects see landscapes or dolphins playing, part ofthe frontal lobe of the brain becomes active. But when they are shown unpleasantimages a bird covered in oil, or a dead soldier with part of his face missingthe response comes from more primitive parts of

17、the brain. The ability to feelnegative emotions derives from an ancient danger-recognition system formed earlyin the brains evolution. The pre-frontal cortex, which registers happiness, isthe part used for higher thinking, an area that evolved later in humanhistory. G Our difficulty, according to Da

18、niel Nettle, is that the brain systems forliking and wanting are separate. Wanting involves two ancient regions theamygdala and the nucleus accumbens that communicate using the chemical dopamineto form the brains reward system. They are involved in anticipating thepleasure of eating and in addiction

19、 to drugs. A rat will press a bar repeatedly,ignoring sexually available partners, to receive electrical stimulation of thewanting parts of the brain. But having received brain stimulation, the rateats more but shows no sign of enjoying the food it craved. In humans, a druglike nicotine produces muc

20、h craving but little pleasure. H In essence, what the biology lesson tells us is that negative emotions arefundamental to the human condition, and ifs no wonder they are difficult toeradicate. At the same time, by a trick of nature, our brains are designed tocrave but never really achieve lasting ha

21、ppiness. Question 14-20 The reading passage has seven paragraphs A-H. Which paragraph contains the following information? Write the correct letter A-H, in boxes 14-20 on your answer sheet. 14 An experiment involving dividing several groups one of which receivedpositive icon 15 Review of a poorly res

22、earched psychology area 16 Contrast being made about the brains action as response to positive ornegative stimulus 17 The skeptical attitude toward the research seemed to be a waste offund 18 a substance that produces much wanting instead of much liking 19 a conclusion that lasting happiness are har

23、dly obtained because of thenature of brains 20 One description that listed the human emotional categories Question 21-25 Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage, usingno more than four words from the Reading Passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 21-25 on yo

24、ur answer sheet. A few pioneers in experimental psychology study what happens when lives gowell. Professor Alice divided doctors, making a tricky experiment, into threegroups： beside the one control group, the other two either are asked to readhumanistic statements about drugs, or received 21. The l

25、atter displayed themost creative thinking and worked more efficiently. Since critics arequestioning the significance of the 22for both levels of happiness andclassification for the virtues. Professor Seligman countered in an evolutionaltheory： survival in a time of adversity forged our brains into t

26、he way ofthinking for whats wrong because we have a23 There is bountiful of evidence to show that negative thinking is deeplybuilt in the human psyche. Later, at Iowa University, neuroscientists studiedthe active parts in brains to contrast when people are shown pleasant andunpleasant pictures. When

27、 positive images like24are shown, part of the frontallobe of the brain becomes active. But when they are shown unpleasant image, theresponse comes from 25of the brain. Question 26 Write your answers in boxes 26 on your answer sheet. Choose the correct letter. A, B, C or D. According to Daniel Nettle

28、 in the last two paragraphs, what is true as thescientists can tell us about happiness A Brain systems always mix liking and wanting together. B Negative emotions can be easily rid of if we think positively. C Happiness is like nicotine we are craving for but get littlepleasure. D The inner mechanism of human brains does not assist us to achieve durablehappiness.