第十六章 虚拟语气.docx

1、第十六章 虚拟语气第十六章 虚拟语气语气(Mood) 是动词的一种形式，表示说话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度。英语中共有三种语气：陈述语气（Indicative Mood）、祈使语气（Imperative Mood）和虚拟语气（Subjunctive Mood）。陈述语气用于陈述事实、描述状态，它用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句。例如：There are two sides to every question. 每个问题都有两个方面。He has published quite a number of essays this year. 他今年已发表了好几篇论文。Were you busy a

2、ll day yesterday? 昨天一整天你都很忙吗？How good a teacher she is! 她是多好的一位老师啊！祈使语气用于提出请求、命令、建议或是劝告等。例如：Wait outside until you are asked. 请在外面等候，请你进再进去。Lets just take a break, shall we? 我们休息一会儿，好吗？Never be late again! 再也不要迟到了。Dont forget to lock the door. 别忘了锁门。虚拟语气用于表示主观愿望和假设的虚拟情况，说话人所讲的内容往往是与事实相反的，或是其实现的可能性微乎

3、其微，甚至于没有实现的可能性，是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等，有时为了使说话的语气客气、缓和、委婉。例如：I wish you were more careful. 但愿你更细心一些。If I were a bird, I could fly here and there in the sky. 如果我是一只鸟，我就能在天空中飞来飞去。If I had more money, I would buy a bigger house. 我要是有再多一点钱，我就买一套更大一些房子。May you succeed! 祝你成功！一、虚拟语气在主语从句中的运用有些主语从句需用虚拟语气，表示愿望、惊奇、惋

4、惜、建议、请求、命令、理应如此等。带虚拟语气的主语从句主要有以下三种形式。1、Itbe形容词that从句that从句的谓语用“should动词原形”，或省略should直接用动词原形。常见的这类形容词有：advisable（合理的）、appropriate（合适的）、crucial（紧急的）、desirable（理想的）、essential（必要的）、fitting（合适的）、important（重要的）、incredible（惊人的）、natural（自然的）、necessary（必要的）、possible（可能的）、preferable（更好的）、probable（可能的）、proper（

5、适当的）、strange（奇怪的）、urgent（紧迫的）、vital（极为重要的）等。例如：It is natural that you should say apology to him. 你自然应该向他道声歉。Its natural that she should do so. 她这样做是很自然的。It is necessary that he（should）be sent there at once. 必须马上把他派到那里去。Its necessary that we should have a walk now. 我们有必要出去散散步。Its important that we sh

6、ould take good care of the patient. 重要的是我们要照顾好病人。Itisimportantandnecessarythatweshouldmasteraforeignlanguage. 掌握一门外语对我们来说是重要的和必要的。It is essential that these application forms be sent back as early as possible. 这些申请表应尽早地寄回，这是很重要的。It is strange that he should have gone without telling us. 真奇怪，他竟然不辞而别。

7、It is strange that they feel so angry. 真奇怪，他们会这么生气。It is highly desirable that a new mayor be appointed for this city. 这座城市急需任命一位新市长。It is vital that enough money be collected to fund the project. 重要的是募集足够的钱，为这个项目提供资金。It is urgent that we pay the bill immediately. 紧迫的是我们必须立即交费。It is crucial that the

8、 plan be worked out at once. 立即拟订计划是至关重要的。It is best that tourists have a pleasant place to relax. 最好给观光者提供一个休息的好地方。在上述所列形容词后面，以it为形式宾语的复合宾语从句中也可以用虚拟语气。例如：We think it advisable that he (should) think deeply before acting. 我们认为他在行动之前好好考虑一下才是明智的。I think it necessary that he be sent to Beijing right aw

9、ay. 我认为有必要立即派他去北京。We find it essential that you (should) win the voters hearts. 我们觉得赢得选民的心是绝对必要的。I find it necessary that you (should) be present at the discussion. 我觉得你必须出席讨论会。2、Itbe名词that从句that从句的谓语也用“should动词原形”，或省略should直接用动词原形。这类名词一般都表示建议、命令、请求、道歉、怀疑、惊奇等。它们有：advice（忠告）、decision（决议）、desire（愿望）、d

10、emand（要求）、idea（主意）、miracle（奇迹）、motion（提议）、order（命令）、pity（遗憾）、proposal（提议）、requirement（要求）、resolution（决心）、shame（遗憾）、suggestion（建议）、surprise（惊奇）、wish（愿望）、wonder（奇迹）等。例如：It is a pity that you should be careless. 真遗憾，你竟会粗心大意。It is a great pity that you (should) think so. 他居然会这样想，真是一件憾事。It is a pity that

11、 you should have missed such a chance. 你错过这样的机会，真是太可惜了。It is my proposal that he be sent to study further abroad. 我建议派他去国外进一步学习。It is a wonder that he shouldnt be convinced of his mistakes. 说也怪，他竟然认识不到自己的错误。t is the doctors order that the patient should stay in bed. 医生嘱咐病人卧床休息。It is a shame that the

12、y should abandon the project halfway. 真遗憾，他竟然把项目在中途放弃了。It is simply a miracle that rice should grow in such a place. 在这样的地方竟会长出水稻，简直是个奇迹。It is his desire that I stay here. 我留在这里是他的愿望。 3、Itbe过去分词that从句同样，that从句的谓语用“should动词原形”，或省略should直接用动词原形。这类虚拟语气也表示愿望、建议、请求等主观意向。这类分词有：advised（建议）、arranged（安排）、ask

13、ed（请求）、commanded（命令）、complied（遵照）、decided（决定）、desired（想要）、determined（决定）、insisted（坚持）、ordered（命令）、proposed（提议）、recommended（推荐）、requested（要求）、required（要求）、resolved（决定）、shocked（震惊的）、suggested（建议）等。例如：It is desired that we（should）get everything ready by tonight. 要求我们今晚上把一切都准备好。It is desired that everyo

14、ne (should) get everything ready by tonight. 要求每一个人在今晚之前要将一切准备好。It is requested that Miss Zhang (should) give a performance at the party. 请求张老师在晚会上表演一个节目。It is proposed that the meeting (should) be held next Monday. 有人建议会议下周一举行。It was ordered that the medicines (should) be sent here by plane. 根据命令药品

15、应空运到这里。It is arranged that he leave for Canada on Friday. 照安排，他星期五动身去加拿大。It was suggested that everyone have a map. 建议人手一张地图。It is suggested that the English evening be held on Saturday. 有人建议，周六举行英语晚会。It was required that the work should be finished at once. 根据要求工作须马上完成。有时也用现在分词。例如：It is surprising

16、that she should look so miserable. 她竟会如此伤心，令人感到吃惊。二、虚拟语气在宾语从句中的运用有些动词后跟的由that引导的宾语从句可以使用虚拟语气，这类动词有四种情况：1、在表示提议、主张、要求、建议、命令等动词后的宾语从句中可以使用虚拟语气，其形式是“should 动词原形”或省去should直接用动词原形。这类动词有：advise（建议）、ask（要求）、arrange（安排）、beg（请求）、command（命令）、decide（决定）、demand（要求）、desire（期望）、insist（坚持）、intend（打算）、maintain（主张）、

17、object（反对）、order（命令）、pray（请求）、prefer（宁愿）、promise（允诺）、propose（提议）、recommend（推荐）、request（要求）、require（要求）、suggest（建议）、urge（催促）、vote（提议）等。例如：The doctor advised that Mike (should) stay in hospital until he was fully recovered. 医生建议迈克住院治疗直到完全康复。He asked that he be given an opportunity to try.他要求给他一个尝试的机会。

18、 I move that the money be used for books. 我提议把这笔钱用于买书。 We advise that steps (should) be taken at once. 我们建议要立刻采取措施。We suggested that the meeting (should) not be put off. 我们建议会议不要推迟。He suggested that they (should) set up a special committee to look into the problem. 他建议他们应成立一个专门的委员会来调查这个问题。He suggest

19、ed that our class should be divided into five groups. 他建议我班应该分成五个小组。The union demanded that the wages (should) be raised by 20%. 工会要求增加工资20%。The committee recommends that the matter not be discussed at the next meeting. 委员会提议在下一次会议上不再讨论这件事。We desired that we (should) book the tickets in advance. 我们期

20、望能提前预订票。I demanded that he (should) tell me nothing but the truth. 我要求他不要废话，只讲实情。I prefer that you not eat the meat. 我宁愿你不吃这肉。We prefer that the plan (should) be fully discussed before being put into execution. 我们希望在计划实施之前进行认真的讨论。She insisted that the seats (should) be booked in advance. 她坚持要提前预定座位。

21、He insisted that all of us should be there on time by any means. 他坚持要我们大家想尽办法按时去那儿。The doctor insisted that the patient (should) be X-rayed. 医生坚持病人做X光检查。They requested that he (should) sing a song. 他们要求他唱个歌。The chairman requested that the members study the problem more carefully. 主席要求委员们应更认真地研究这个问题。

22、He ordered that all should take part in the work. 他下令所有的人都要参加这项工作。He ordered that the students wash the clothes by themselves. 他要求学生都要自己洗衣服。They proposed that all the plans should be discussed at the meeting. 他们建议所有的计划都应该在会上讨论。He proposed that we (should) set a dead line for the complement of the pl

23、an. 他提议拟定一个执行计划的期限。有时当上述动词不是表示主张、建议或要求等，而是表示其它的意义，要用陈述语气。如当insist表示“坚持说；坚持认为”，suggest表示“暗示；说明了”等含义时，从句用陈述语气而不用虚拟语气。例如：He insisted that I was wrong. 他坚持认为我是错的。He insisted that he had nothing to do with the case. 他坚持说他与此案没有关系。The expression on her face suggests that she knows the secret. 她脸上的表情表明她知道这个

24、秘密。His smile suggested that he was quite satisfied with the job. 他的微笑表明，他对此工作相当满意。2、动词wish后跟由that引导的宾语从句要用虚拟语气表示一种不可实现的愿望。that从句中用过去时(be 用were的形式)表示与现在事实相反的情况，用过去完成时表示与过去相反的情况，用“would/could/might/should动词原形”表示将来的主观愿望。例如：I wish I knew the answer to the question. 我希望知道这个答案。I wish I knew what was going

25、 to happen. 但愿我能知道要发生什么事。I wished that I knew something about programming. 我当时希望我懂一点程序设计就好了。They wished that they hadnt said it to us. 他们当时希望他们没有对我们说过那件事。I wish I were rich. 我恨不得我很有钱。I wish it werent raining. 要是天不下雨就好了。He wishes he hadnt lost the chance. 他真希望没有失去机会。I wish I had not done it. 我真后悔不该做这

26、件事。I wish I hadnt wasted so much time. 我后悔不该浪费这么多时间。I wished I hadnt spent so much money. 我要是那时没有花掉那么多钱就好了。She wished she had stayed at home. 她懊悔的是她当时要是在家就好了。I wish it would stop raining. 我希望雨能停。I wish you would be quiet. 我希望你安静一些。You wished she would arrive the next day. 你希望她第二天会到。I wish she would

27、change her mind. 我希望她会改变主意。I wish that you would get younger and younger. 但愿你越来越年轻。She wishes you wouldnt go. 她希望你不要走。I wish our efforts would be successful. 我多么希望我们的努力会成功。3、would rather和would sooner都表示“宁愿；宁可”的意思，它们后面的宾语从句用虚拟语气。与现在或将来事实相反时，谓语动词用过去时；与过去事实相反时，谓语动词用过去完成时。例如：Id rather you went home now.

28、 我宁愿让你现在就回家。Id rather you posted the letter right away. 我宁愿你马上就把这封信寄了。Id rather we had dinner now. 我真希望我们现在吃饭。Id rather you didnt make any comment on the issue for the time being. 我倒希望你暂时先不要就此事发表意见。Wouldnt you rather your child went to bed early？为什么你不愿让你的孩子早点上床呢？Shall I open the window? 我开窗行吗？Id rat

29、her you didnt. 你最好别开。Id rather that I were young again. 我要是返老还童就好了。To be frank, Id rather you were not involved in the case. 坦率地说，我希望你不要卷入这件事。Dont come tomorrow. Id rather you came next weekend. 明天别来，我宁愿你下个周末来。Id rather you hadnt been present. 我宁愿你当时不在场。Id rather you didnt invite too many people. 我宁

30、愿你不要邀请太多的人。Id rather I hadnt met you. 我宁愿从来就没遇见过你。I would rather that you hadnt told him. 但愿你没有跟他讲过。I would sooner you told me the truth. 我宁愿你说实话。The manager would sooner his daughter did not work in the same Office. 经理宁愿她女儿不与他在同一间办公室工作。He would sooner that his secretary went to the meeting instead

31、of him. 他宁愿他的秘书代替他去开会。You dont have to be in such a hurry. I would sooner you went on business first. 你没有必要这么着急，我宁愿你先去上班。I would sooner you had returned the book yesterday. 我真希望你昨天把这本书还了。Frankly speaking, I would sooner you hadnt do anything about that. 坦白地说，我宁愿你没有做过那事。4、在think、expect、believe、mean等意

32、念动词或态度动词后可用“should动词原形”或“shouldhave过去分词”来表示惊奇，怀疑，不满等。此时，should一般不省略。例如：I never thought that he should be so clever. 我们从来没想到他如此聪明。I never expected that the problem should be so complicated. 我从没想到问题会这样复杂。I just couldnt believe that he should be so selfish. 我简直不相信他会这样自私。I didnt mean that you should come so early. 我没打算着你会如此早来。He began to think that we