1、小升初语法精讲没有习题Unit 1 名词英语的十大词类词类 英语名称 作用 例词名词 Noun(n.) 表示人或事物的名称 pen, cake形容词 Adjective(adj.) 表示人或事物的特征 bad ,small 副词 Adverb(adv.) 修饰动词、形容词或其它副词 very quickly 动词 Verbs(v.) 表示动作或状态 study, be 代词 Pronouns(pron.) 代替名词、数词等 they, one 数词 Numerals(num.) 表示数量或顺序 five ,ten冠词 Articles(art.) 限制名词的意义 a, an, the 介词 P
2、repositions(prep.) 表示名词、代词和其它词的关系 in for of 连词 Conjunction(conj.) 连结词与词或句与句 and, because 感叹词 Interjection(interj.) 表示说话时的感情或口气 oh ,hey 例句:I love you 我爱你 She is a lovely girl . 她是一个可爱的女孩儿关于milk:I like to drink milk ( 名词 ) 我喜欢喝牛奶She is milking the cow( 动词 ) 她正在挤牛奶I like a hot milky drink at bedtime. 我
3、喜欢睡前来点儿热热的牛奶饮料。名词分为专有名词和普通名词专有名词表示个人、地方、机构、组织等。如:Tom,the Great Wall,the Spring Festival,France,the United States)普通名词包括可数名词和不可数名词,可数名词可用作单数,也可用作复数。 可数名词包括个体名词(表示一类人或物的个体。如:boy,desk,cat,window)和集体名词(由若干个体组成的集合体。如:family,class,police)。不可数名词包括物质名词(表示无法分为个体的实物。如:water,paper,silk,money)和抽象名词(表示性质、行为、状态、感
4、情或其它抽象概念。如:work,happiness,music,difficulty,housework)注意!动词的一种变化形式(动名词),比如说 reading, writing running等等,这些词都是没有复数的。名词的种类专有名词国名、地点、人名等 America 美国,Shanghai 上海,the Great Wall 长城,Jenney (珍妮) 团体、机构的名称等 the United Nations 联合国,the Communist Party of China 中国共产党 普通名词 可数名词 个体名词 doctor 医生,teacher 老师,orange 桔子,d
5、esk 课桌 集合名词 Police 警察,people 人民,family 家庭,army 军队 class 同学不可数名词 抽象名词 Time 时间fun 玩笑,kindness 善意,idea 主意,youth 青春 , love 爱 , knowledge 知识动名词 studying doing swimming物质名词 rice 大米,water 水,fire 火,air 空气 1.there are_ by the lakea.two German b. two Germen c. two Germans d. two germans2.September 10th is_ a.
6、Teachers Day b.Teachers Day c.teachers Day d.Teachers day3. Where are you from?Im from _a. America b. American c. america d. an America4.There is some_on the plate a.breads b.bread c.breades d. milk5.Tables are made of_a. wood b. some woods c. wooden d. woods 一般名词复数构成法构成法一般情况下,在名词单数形式的词尾加s book-book
7、s, day-days, desk-desks以s,x,,ch,sh,结尾的名词,在词尾加es class-classes, box-boxes, match-matches, wish- wishes以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,将y变成i后加es city-cities, country-countries, factory-factories以f或fe结尾的名词,一般将f或fe变成v后,再加es leaf-leaves, wife-wives, life- lives, thief-thieves, knife-knivies, half-halves, shelf-shelves部分以辅音
8、字母加o结尾的名词词尾加es hero-heroes, Negro-Negroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes补充:1.绝大多数的可数名词的复数形式,是在该词末尾加上后辍-s。 读音变化:结尾是清辅音读s,结尾是浊辅音或元音读z。 例:friendfriends; catcats; stylestyles; sportsports; piecepieces比如:I have many friends in my childhood 2.凡是以s、z、x、ch、sh结尾的词,在该词末尾加上后辍-es构成复数。 读音变化:统一加读iz。 例:busbuses
9、; quizquizzes; foxfoxes; matchmatches; flashflashesThere are many buses in the street3.以辅音字母+y结尾的名词,将y改变为i,再加-es。 读音变化:加读z。citycities countrycountries factory-factories 注意啦!以y结尾的专有名词,或元音字母+y 结尾的名词变复数时,直接加s变复数:如: Marys the Henrys(亨利的一家人) monkeymonkeys holidayholidays比较:层楼:storey storeys storystories名
10、词变复数时不规则变化1. 不规则变化manmen womanwomen footfeet mousemice toothteeth childchildren注意:与man和woman构成的合成词,其复数形式也是-men 和-women.The _are operating him on his leg a. woman doctor b.women doctor c. woman doctors d.women doctors2.单复数同形的名词,deer,sheep,fish, work, Chinese,JapaneseThe farmer has ten_ a. sheeps b. d
11、eers c. cows d. chicken3.集合名词,以单数形式出现,但实为复数,如:people、police、cattle 等本身就是复数,想说一个人,一个警察,一头牛,不能说a people a police a cattle但可以说:a person,a policeman,a head of cattle,Almost every family in the village_a television.a. have b. having c. has d . have to All my family_swimming 我全家都喜欢游泳a. like b,likes c. lik
12、eing d. like to4复数形式有时可表示特别意思,如:goodgoods货物,waterwaters水域,sweetsweets(糖果)等,比如electrical goods 电器商品. a goods train铁路货车等等。5.The English,the British,the French,the Chinese,the Japanese,the Swiss 等名词,表示国民总称时,作复数用。如:The Chinese are industries and brave.中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。如:an Englishman,two Englishmen. 但German不是
13、合成词,故复数形式为Germans;Bowman是姓,其复数是the Bowmans. li,jin,yuan,two li,three mu,four jin6.除人民币元、角、分外,美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。如:a dollar,two dollars;a meter,two meters7.以s结尾,仍为单数的名词,如:a. maths,politics,physics等学科名词,为不可数名词,是单数。b. news是不可数名词。c. the United States,the United Nations 应视为单数。The United Nations was organize
14、d in 1945. 联合国是1945年组建起来的。d. 以复数形式出现的书名,剧名,报纸,杂志名,也可视为单数。 “The Arabian Nights” is a very interesting story-book.是一本非常有趣的故事书。8.表示由两部分构成的东西,如:glasses(眼镜)、trousers若表达具体数目,要借助数量词 pair(对,双);suit(套);a pair of glasses;two pairs of trousers补充:中国人the Chinesea Chinese two Chinese瑞士人the Swissa Swiss two Swiss澳
15、大利亚人the Australiansa Australian two Australians 俄国人the Russiansa Russiantwo Russians意大利人the Italians an Italian two Italians希腊人the Greek a Greektwo Greeks法国人the Frencha Frenchmantwo Frenchmen日本人the Japanesea Japanese two Japanese美国人the Americansan Americantwo Americans印度人the Indiansan Indian two Ind
16、ians加拿大人the Canadiansa Canadian two Canadians德国人the Germansa Germanstwo Germans英国人the Englishan Englishmantwo Englishmen瑞典人the Swedisha Swedetwo Swedes复合名词变复数时有三种情况 通常只将里面所包含的主体名词变成复数passer-bypassers-by(过路人) looker-onlookers(旁观者)brother-in-lawbrothers-in-law(姐夫)无主体名词者,在最后一个词上加复数词尾grown-upgrown-ups(成
17、年人)由man或woman加一个其他名词构成的复合名词时,两个都变复数woman doctor-women doctors(女医生)man servant-men servants(男服务员)A piece of paper -two pieces of paper 两张纸A glass of orange juice-two glasses of orange juice 两杯橙汁1.lucy has much _and many_a.mutton ; pear b. muttons; pears c . mutton ; pears d. pear ; muttons 2.Id like_
18、a. three glasses of water b. three glass of waters c. three glass of water d. three glasses of waters名词所有格1. 单数名词和不以-s结尾的复数名词在词尾加s构成所有格,主要用于有生命的东西。比如说the monkeys tail the boys toy the Childrens DAY比如:ten minutes walk Beijings map 等等,都是可以的阿。比如:for friendships sake(为了友情),at ones fingers tip(手头上有),等等2.
19、 名词+ of +名词 比如说:The gate of the factory ,工厂的大门 the window of the room,房间的窗子。例如: The woman dressed in blue is Mary and Alices mother那个穿蓝衣服的妇女是玛丽和爱丽丝的母亲。 The women dressed in blue and Mary sand Alices mothers对比一下这两句话是什么意思呢3.双重所有格 所谓“双重所有格(double genitive)”,是指名词所有格或名词性物主代词同of构成的所有格,即“of名词所有格”。双重所有格有这样一
20、个特征: “of名词所有格”中的名词必须表示人,不能表示事物。因此,我们可以说:a play of Shakespeares(莎士比亚的一个戏剧), a friend of my wifes(我妻子的一个朋友),但却不能说a funnel of the ships或 a leg of a tables,而且该名词必须是特指的,不能是泛指的。比如我们可以说,a friend of the doctors(这位医生的一个朋友),a novel of the writers(那位作者的一部小说),而不能说a friend of a doctors或 a novel of a writers。 好的,
21、同学们接下来我们做一下题来练习一下:17. would you please show me the way to the _shop? A. shoes B. shoes C. shoe D. shoes18. whose room is this? Its _ A. Toms and Johns B. Tom and Johns C. Toms and John D. Tom and John19. Mr. smith is_ A. My fathers a friend B. a my fathers friend C. a friend of my father D. one frie
22、nd my father20. It is _from the museum. A. five minutes walk B. five minutes walk C. a hours walk D. fivehours walkUnit 2 代词代替名词, 形容词或数词等的词我们就称之为代词。我们代词呢从大体上分为这么几大类:: 1) 人称代词5) 疑问代词 2) 物主代词6) 连接代词 3) 指示代词7) 关系代词 4) 反身代词8) 不定代词9)复合代词 人称代词 (主格)I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they (宾格)me, you, him, her,
23、it, us, you, them物主代词 (形容词性)my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their (名词性)mine, yours, his, its, ours, yours, theirs反身代词 myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves指示代词 this, that, these, those疑问代词 what, who, whom, whose, which不定代词some,any,many,much,little,few,both
24、,all,every,each,no,either,other,others,someone,anything,nothing复合代词 something, somebody, anything, nobody例子:this that , those, these指示代词在句中作主语, 宾语, 表语, 等等比如That is a red car.那是一辆红色汽车。 Which do you like? I like this.,你喜欢哪一个? 我喜欢这个 疑问代词:表示“谁(who),谁 (whom),谁的(whose),什么(what), 哪个或哪些 (which)”等词叫疑问代词。 疑问代
25、词的用法: 疑问代词用于特殊疑问句中,疑问代词一般放在句子的最前面。例子:Who is that in blue dress? 穿着蓝色裙子的那个人是谁? Whom are you looking for? 你在找谁。all, any, another, both, each, every, either, every, few, little, many, much, no, none, either, one, other, some以及由 some, any, no, every 和 body, one, thing 构成的复合词。比如说Thats all I know. 这就是我知道的
26、。some any的主要用法Do you have any books? 你有书吗? I have some books。 You can come at any time. 你什么时候都可以来。sometimes some time sometime ? 这几个词是什么意思呢? some, any, no, every 和 body, one, thing 构成的复合词。复合代词 thing body whereevery everything everybody everyone everywheresome something somebody someone somewhereany
27、anything anybody anyone anywhereno nothing nobody none nowhere练习:5. The maths problem _ is wrong. A. himself B. ourselves C. itself D. herself 6. “Whos that at the door?” “ _ is John.” A. it B. he C. this D. she4.Wont you have _ tea? A. any B. a C. some D. every 5. Here are trees on _ sides of road.
28、 A. both B. either C. each D. every16. _ of us would agree with you. A. Someone B. No one C. Nobody D. None19. _ is knocking at the door.A. One B. Someone C. Anyone D. Something17. Dont eat _ food. A. too many B. too much C. much too D. many too18. _ of them is on the team. A. neither B. nobody C. b
29、oth D. all人称代词人称 单数 复数第一人称 I me we us第二人称 you you you you 第三人称 he him she herit itthey them例子:I like English very much 比如:It was he who went to Beijing last year. 去年去过北京的就是他大家可以记忆一下阿这些人称的宾格形式:比如 I can help you.比如who is it ?,its me !第一人称单数代词 I(我) 不论在什么地方都要大写。 比如:这个句子例:I study English every day. 我天天学习
30、英语。 2.当第一人称与第二,第三人称同时用在句子中的时候,请大家注意一个常识要点: 人称代词的排列顺序 英语中,当说话者(I或we)提到自己和别人时,习惯上常把自己摆在最后一个位置,以表示谦虚和礼貌。例如:You, she and I passed the exam. 我、你和她都通过了考试。 在承认错误或自我批评时,说话者有时也把自己居于其他人称之前: I and he are to blame. 我和他都要受批评。 You and I是固定结构,即使在承认错误时,词序也不变化。例如: You and I are to blame. 我和你都要受批评。 we, they的特殊用法 we, they有时并非指特定的人,翻译时不必译出来。例如: We have a heavy snow today. 昨天下了一场大雪
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