学年高中英语专题Unit3Lifeinthefuture3GrammarWriti.docx

1、学年高中英语专题Unit3Lifeinthefuture3GrammarWritiUnit 3 Life in the future 3.3 Grammar WritingGrammar: 过去分词作状语和定语状语 过去分词作状语，进一步说明谓语动词的动作和状态，即动作发生时的背景或状况。其逻辑主语通常是句子的主语，且与主语之间构成逻辑上的“动宾关系”或在逻辑上构成“系表结构”。过去分词短语在句中担任条件状语，原因状语以及时间状语时，通常放在句首；担任伴随状语或结果状语时，通常放在句末；担任方式状语时，一般位于句末，有时也可位于句首；担任让步状语时，一般位于句首，有时也可位于句末。 一、过去分

2、词担任状语时的语法功能1. 原因状语 Caught in a heavy rain，he was all wet因为淋了一场大雨，所以他全身湿透了。 Frightened by the noise in the night，the girl didnt dare sleep in her room 被夜晚的响声惊吓，那姑娘不敢睡在她的房间里了。2. 时间状语 Asked why he did it，the monitor said it was his duty当被问及为何要做这件事时，班长说这是他的职责。 Approached in the dark the bulbs looked lon

3、ely and purposeless在黑暗走近时，那些电灯显得孤单而无意义。3. 条件状语和假设状语 Grown in rich soil，these seeds can grow fast如果种在肥沃的土壤里，这些种子能长得很快。 Given better attention，the accident could have been avoided要是多加注意，那次事故就可以避免了。4. 方式或伴随状语 Surrounded by his students，the professor sat there cheerfully那位教授在学生们的簇拥下，兴高采烈地坐在那儿。 He stood

4、there silently，moved to tears他静静地站在那里，被感动得热泪盈眶。5. 让步状语 Beaten by the police，sent to jail，Gandhi invented the principle of nonviolent resistance 尽管受警察的殴打，被投入监牢，甘地却首创了非暴力抵抗的原则。 Defeated again，we did not lose heart尽管再次被击败，但我们没有灰心。6. 独立成分(插入语) Given good weather，our ship will reach Shanghai Monday eveni

5、ng 假如天气好，我们的船将于星期一晚上到达上海。 Put frankly，I dont agree with what he said坦白地说，我不同意他所说的话。二、与状语从句的相互转换1. 过去分词短语作时间状语，可转换为when，while或after等引导的状语从句。 Seen from the top of the hill，the park looks more beautiful When it is seen from the top of the hill，the park looks more beautiful 从山上往下看，这座公园看起来更加漂亮。2. 作条件状语，可

6、转换为if，once或unless等引导的状语从句。 Given more time，she would certainly have done much better If she had been given more time，she would certainly have done much better 如果有更多时间的话，她一定会干得更好些。3. 作原因状语，可转换为as，since或because等引导的状语从句。 The children，exhausted，fell asleep at once As the children were exhausted they fel

7、l asleep at once 由于劳累，孩子们很快就睡着了。4. 作让步状语，可转换为although，though或even if等引导的状语从句。 Although exhausted by the climb，we continued our journey Although we were exhausted by the climb，we continued our journey 我们虽然爬得很累，但我们仍然继续我们的旅程。5. 作方式状语，如有连词as if，就转换为as if引导的方式状语从句；若无连词，则转换为并列结构。 He began to cry as if bit

8、ten by a snake He began to cry as if he was bitten by a snake 他大叫起来，好像被蛇咬了。6. 作伴随状语，一般转换为并列结构。 Aunt Wu came in，followed by her daughter Aunt Wu came in，and(she)was followed by her daughter 吴大娘走进来，(她)后面跟着她的女儿。【知识拓展】1. 现在分词与过去分词作状语在“逻辑”方面的差异： 过去分词作状语时，过去分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间通常构成逻辑上的动宾关系。 现在分词作状语时，现在分词所表示的动作

9、与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的主谓关系。 Given more attention，the trees could have grown better如果对这些树多关心一些，它们本来会长得更好。 Not knowing what to do，he went to his parents for help由于不知如何办是好，他去找父母帮忙。2. 现在分词与过去分词作状语在“时间”方面的差异： 过去分词所表示的动作发生在谓语动作之前，或表示一种状态，与谓语动作同时发生或存在。现在分词的一般式表示的动作与谓语动作同时发生或在说话时正在进行；现在分词的完成式(having done)表示发生在谓语动作之前

10、的一个“主动”动作；现在分词的完成式的被动式(having been done)表示发生在谓语动作之前的一个“被动”动作，常常和表示次数的短语以及时间段(for短语)连用，此时不能被过去分词所替换。在其他情况下通常被过去分词所替换，从而使句式更简洁。 Written in a hurry，this article was not so good！因为写得匆忙，这篇文章不是很好！ Reading carefully，he found something he had not known before他仔细读书时，发现了一些从前不知道的东西。 Having been discussed sever

11、al times，the decision was finally made进行了几次讨论之后，终于作出了决定。3. 部分过去分词因来源于系表结构，作状语时不表示 “被动关系”，其前不用being。这样的过去分词及短语常见的有：lost(陷入某种状态)；seated(坐)；hidden(躲)；stationed(驻扎)；lost/absorbed in (沉溺于)；dressed in(穿着)；tired of(厌烦)等。 Lost/Absorbed in deep thought，he didnt hear the sound因为沉溺于思考之中，所以他没听到那个声音。 Faced with

12、difficulties，we must try to overcome them在遇到困难的时候，我们必须设法克服。4. 过去分词用作状语时，前面往往带有when，if，while，though，even if等连词，这样就能使过去分词所表示的意义更加明确。这种带有连词的过去分词结构通常可看作是一种省略句，句中省略的部分总是“主语be的相应变化形式”，省略的主语通常与主句的主语相同。 When given a medical examination，you should keep calm当你做体格检查时要保持镇定。 Although exhausted by the climb，he co

13、ntinued his journey他虽然爬得很累，但他仍继续前进。5. 分词(短语) 作状语时，其逻辑上的主语要与句子的主语保持一致；否则分词(短语)就要有自己的逻辑主语(用名词或代词的主格来表示)。这种结构称为独立主格结构。独立主格结构常放在句首。表示时间、条件、原因时，其作用分别相当于一个时间、条件、原因状语从句。表示伴随方式时，相当于一个并列句。 The signal given，the bus started信号一发出，汽车就开动了。 The football match(being) over，crowds of people poured out into the street

14、 足球赛一结束，人群便涌到大街上。6. 不定式与分词担任状语的差异：（1）不定式在句中可以担任目的状语，结果状语(出乎意料的结果)以及原因状语(通常后置)。 To make himself heard，he raised his voice为了被听清楚，他提高了嗓门。 He hurried home，only to find his money stolen他匆忙赶到家中，结果却发现钱被盗了。 All of us are surprised to see his rapid progress他的进步，我们都很吃惊。（2）分词在句中可以担任除目的状语以外的其他形式的状语。 Seen from t

15、he top of the hill，the town is beautiful从山上看，这座城镇很美。 Defeated，he remained a popular boxer虽然被击败了，但他仍然是一位受欢迎的拳击手。 The guests entered the office，accompanied by the manager客人们在经理的陪同下进了办公室。【巧学妙记】分词作状语记忆口诀：定语 作定语用的过去分词相当于形容词，其逻辑主语就是它所修饰的名词。过去分词作定语分为前置和后置两种情况。 1前置定语 单个的过去分词作定语，通常放在被修饰的名词之前。由及物动词转化而来的过去分词作定

16、语，表示“被动和完成”含义，或只具有“被动”含义；由不及物动词转化而来的过去分词作定语，只表“完成”含义。（1）被动和完成含义： We must adapt our thinking to the changed conditions 我们必须使我们的思想适应改变了的情况。（2）被动含义： She is a respected teacher她是一位受人尊敬的老师。（3）完成含义： They are cleaning the fallen leaves in the yard 他们正在打扫院子里的落叶。2后置定语 过去分词短语作定语时，通常放在所修饰的名词之后，它的作用相当于一个定语从句。 T

17、his will be the best novel of its kind ever written (that has ever been written) 这将是这类小说中写得最好的。 Who were the socalled guests invited (who had been invited) to your party last night？ 昨晚被邀请参加你的晚会的那些所谓的客人是谁呀？ Yesterday I bought a book published by Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press 昨天我买了一本外语教

18、学与研究出版社出版的书。【拓展延伸1】(1)过去分词如果表示一种强烈的动作含义，单独使用也可以放在名词的后面。 The experience gained will be of great value to us 取得的经验对我们很有价值。By the end of the year，the total money collected had come to 92 million dollars， all of which were sent to Africa 到年底为止，筹集到的全部资金达到了9,200多万元，所有这些钱全都送往非洲了。 (2)由过去分词构成的合成词也可作定语。The ai

19、r-conditioned rooms are very comfortable in hot summer 在炎热的夏天，装空调的房间非常舒服。The newly-built building is our office building 这座新建的大楼是我们的办公楼。(3)过去分词作定语可分为限制性(紧跟在所修饰的词之后)和非限制性(用逗号与其所修饰的词分开)两种，其作用相当于限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。The funds (which/that have been) raised are mainly used for helping the homeless 筹集的资金主要用于帮

20、助那些无家可归者。This book，(which is)written in simple English，is suitable for beginners to read 这本书是使用浅显的英文写的，适合初学者阅读。The concert (which/that was) given by their friends was a success 他们朋友举行的音乐会大为成功。 The meeting，(which was) attended by over five thousand people，welcomed the great hero 他们举行了欢迎英雄的大会，到会的有五千多人

21、。(4)用来修饰人的过去分词有时可以转移到修饰非人的事物，这种过去分词在形式上虽 不直接修饰人，但它所修饰的事物仍与人有关。The boy looked up with a pleased expression那男孩带着满意的表情举目而视。He spoke with a frightened look他说话时显得非常恐惧。 【拓展延伸2】(1)动名词作定语，说明所修饰的名词的用途。 No one is allowed to speak aloud in the reading room阅览室里不准大声说话。 There is a swimming pool in our school我们学校有

22、一个游泳池。(2)现在分词作定语，通常放在所修饰的名词前面；现在分词短语则放在所修饰的名词后面，其作用相当于一个定语从句。 He is a promising young man他是一个很有前途的青年。 Do you know the woman(who is)sitting at the end of the room？ 你认识坐在房间后面的那位妇女吗？ We must keep a secret of the things (which/that are) being discussed now 对于现在所讨论的事情，我们必须保守秘密。(3)不定式作定语，位于所修饰的词后，通常表示将来发生

23、的动作。当名词前有形容词的最高级或序数词修饰时，只能采用不定式作后置定语。此外，作定语的不定式与所修饰的词之间存在逻辑上的“主谓”、“动宾”或“同位”三种关系。如果作定语的不定式为不及物动词，其后要加相应的介词。 Our monitor is the first to arrive我们的班长是第一个到达的人。(主谓关系) The question to be discussed at tomorrows meeting is of great importance 明天会议上将要讨论的问题非常重要。(动宾关系) I have a lot of work to do我有许多事要做。(动宾关系)

24、Their decision to give up the experiment surprised us 他们放弃这个实验的决定使我们吃惊。(同位关系) They have no happiness to speak of他们没有什么幸福可言。1.（2017天津）The hospital has recently obtained new medical equipment, _ more patients to be treated. A. being allowed B. allowing C. having allowed D. allowed2.（2017北京）Jim has ret

25、ired, but he still remember the happy time _ with his students. A. to spend B. spend C. spending D. spent 3.（2016浙江）To return to the problem of water pollution, Id like you to look at a study _in Australia in 2012. A.having conducted B.to be conducted C.conducting D.conducted4.（2016江苏）In art critici

26、sm, you must assume the artist has a secret message _within the work. A.to hide B. hidden C. hiding D. being hidden5.（2016北京）_ over a week ago, the books are expected to arrive any time now. A. Ordering B. To order C. Having ordered D. Ordered6.（2014湖南）Children，when _ by their parents, are allowed t

27、o enter the stadium. A. to be accompanied B. to accompany C. accompanying D. accompanied7.（2013安徽） _in the early 20th century, the school keeps on inspiring childrens love of art. ATo found BFounding CFounded DHaving foundedI. 用动词的适当形式完成句子1. Mostoftheartists_(invite)tothepartywerefromSouthAfrica.Mos

28、toftheartistswho_(invite)tothepartywerefromSouthAfrica.2.Thecomputercentre，_(open)lastyear，isverypopularamongthestudents.Thecomputercentre，_(open)lastyear，isverypopularamongthestudents. 3. Theresearchissodesignedthatonceit_(begin)nothingcanbedonetochangeit. Theresearchissodesignedthatonce_(begin)not

29、hingcanbedonetochangeit. 4. Acoolrainwasfalling_(mix)withsnowcausingheavytraffic. 5.TheNo.5subwayline,_(open)inOctober,2007,hasgreatlyimprovedthetrafficconditionsinBeijing.6.Somemedicine,whenwrongly_(take),cankillaperson.7.From the school name _ (mark) on the package, we guessed that it might belong

30、 to a student of our school.8.Howaretheygettingonwiththeirwork?Allgoeswellas_(plan).9.Hewasseatedinthecorneroftheroom,_(lose)inthought.用过去分词改写下列从句1If these seeds are grown in rich soil，they can grow fast_2Because he was caught in a heavy rain，he was all wet_3As the bike is used for a long time，it ne