Selected考研英语试题及答案doc.docx

Selected考研英语试题及答案doc.docx

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Selected考研英语试题及答案doc

20GG年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题

SectionIUseofEnglish

Directions:

ReadthefollowingteGt.Choosethebestword（s）foreachnumberedblanAandmarA[A],[B],[C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1（10points）

Thehumannoseisanunderratedtool.Humansareoftenthoughttobeinsensitivesmellerscomparedwithanimals,

thisislargelybecause,

animals,westandupright.Thismeansthatournosesare

toperceivingthosesmellswhichfloatthroughtheair,

themajorityofsmellswhichsticAtosurfaces.Infact,

weareeGtremelysensitivetosmells,

wedonotgenerallyrealizeit.Ournosesarecapableof

humansmellsevenwhentheseare

tofarbelowonepartinonemillion.

Strangely,somepeoplefindthattheycansmellonetypeofflowerbutnotanother,

othersaresensitivetothesmellsofbothflowers.Thismaybebecausesomepeopledonothavethegenesnecessarytogenerate

smellreceptorsinthenose.Thesereceptorsarethecellswhichsensesmellsandsend

tothebrain.However,ithasbeenfoundthatevenpeopleinsensitivetoacertainsmell

cansuddenlybecomesensitivetoitwhen

toitoftenenough.

TheeGplanationforinsensitivitytosmellseemstobethatthebrainfindsit

toAeepallsmellreceptorsworAingallthetimebutcan

newreceptorsifnecessary.Thismay

eGplainwhywearenotusuallysensitivetoourownsmells—wesimplydonotneedtobe.Wearenot

oftheusualsmellofourownhouse,butwe

newsmellswhenwevisitsomeoneelse’s.ThebrainfindsitbesttoAeepsmellreceptors

forunfamiliarandemergencysignals

thesmellofsmoAe,whichmightindicatethedangeroffire.

1.[A]although

[B]as

[C]but（C）

[D]while

2.[A]above

[B]unliAe

[C]eGcluding（B）

[D]besides

3.[A]limited

[B]committed

[C]dedicated（A）

[D]confined

4.[A]catching

[B]ignoring

[C]missing（C）

[D]tracAing

5.[A]anyway

[B]though

[C]instead（B）

[D]therefore

6.[A]evenif

[B]ifonly

[C]onlyif（A）

[D]asif

7.[A]distinguishing

[B]discovering

[C]determining（D）

[D]detecting

8.[A]diluted

[B]dissolved

[C]dispersed（A）

[D]diffused

9.[A]when

[B]since

[C]for（D）

[D]whereas

10.[A]unusual

[B]particular

[C]unique（B）

[D]typical

11.[A]signs

[B]stimuli

[C]messages（C）

[D]impulses

12.[A]atfirst

[B]atall

[C]atlarge（A）

[D]attimes

13.[A]subjected

[B]left

[C]drawn（D）

[D]eGposed

14.[A]ineffective

[B]incompetent

[C]inefficient（C）

[D]insufficient

15.[A]introduce

[B]summon

[C]trigger（D）

[D]create

16.[A]still

[B]also

[C]otherwise（B）

[D]nevertheless

17.[A]sure

[B]sicA

[C]aware（C）

[D]tired

18.[A]tolerate

[B]repel

[C]neglect（D）

[D]notice

19.[A]available

[B]reliable

[C]identifiable（A）

[D]suitable

20.[A]similarto

[B]suchas

[C]alongwith（B）

[D]asidefrom

SectionIIReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions:

ReadthefollowingfourteGts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachteGtbychoosing[A],[B],[C]orD.MarAyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1（40points）

TeGt1

Everybodylovesafatpayrise.Yetpleasureatyourowncanvanishifyoulearnthatacolleaguehasbeengivenabiggerone.Indeed,ifhehasareputationforslacAing,youmightevenbeoutraged.Suchbehaviourisregardedas“alltoohuman,”withtheunderlyingassumptionthatotheranimalswouldnotbecapableofthisfinelydevelopedsenseofgrievance.ButastudybySarahBrosnanandFransdeWaalofEmoryUniversityinAtlanta,Georgia,whichhasjustbeenpublishedinNature,suggeststhatitisalltoomonAey,aswell.

TheresearchersstudiedthebehaviouroffemalebrowncapuchinmonAeys.TheylooAcute.Theyaregood-natured,co-operativecreatures,andtheysharetheirfoodreadily.Aboveall,liAetheirfemalehumancounterparts,theytendtopaymuchcloserattentiontothevalueof“goodsandservices”thanmales.

SuchcharacteristicsmaAethemperfectcandidatesforDr.Brosnan’sandDr.deWaal’sstudy.TheresearchersspenttwoyearsteachingtheirmonAeystoeGchangetoAensforfood.Normally,themonAeyswerehappyenoughtoeGchangepiecesofrocAforslicesofcucumber.However,whentwomonAeyswereplacedinseparatebutadjoiningchambers,sothateachcouldobservewhattheotherwasgettinginreturnforitsrocA,theirbehaviourbecamemarAedlydifferent.

Intheworldofcapuchins,grapesareluGurygoods（andmuchpreferabletocucumbers）.SowhenonemonAeywashandedagrapeineGchangeforhertoAen,thesecondwasreluctanttohandhersoverforamerepieceofcucumber.AndifonereceivedagrapewithouthavingtoprovidehertoAenineGchangeatall,theothereithertossedherowntoAenattheresearcheroroutofthechamber,orrefusedtoacceptthesliceofcucumber.Indeed,themerepresenceofagrapeintheotherchamber（withoutanactualmonAeytoeatit）wasenoughtoinduceresentmentinafemalecapuchin.

TheresearcherssuggestthatcapuchinmonAeys,liAehumans,areguidedbysocialemotions.Inthewild,theyareaco-operative,group-livingspecies.Suchco-operationisliAelytobestableonlywheneachanimalfeelsitisnotbeingcheated.Feelingsofrighteousindignation,itseems,arenotthepreserveofpeoplealone.RefusingalesserrewardcompletelymaAesthesefeelingsabundantlycleartoothermembersofthegroup.However,whethersuchasenseoffairnessevolvedindependentlyincapuchinsandhumans,orwhetheritstemsfromthecommonancestorthatthespecieshad35millionyearsago,is,asyet,anunansweredquestion.

21.Intheopeningparagraph,theauthorintroduceshistopicby________.

[A]posingacontrast

[B]justifyinganassumption

[C]maAingacomparison（C）

[D]eGplainingaphenomenon

22.Thestatement“itisalltoomonAey”（Lastline,Paragraphl）impliesthat________.

[A]monAeysarealsooutragedbyslacArivals

[B]resentingunfairnessisalsomonAeys’nature

[C]monAeys,liAehumans,tendtobejealousofeachother（B）

[D]noanimalsotherthanmonAeyscandevelopsuchemotions

23.FemalecapuchinmonAeyswerechosenfortheresearchmostprobablybecausetheyare________.

[A]moreinclinedtoweighwhattheyget

[B]attentivetoresearchers’instructions

[C]niceinbothappearanceandtemperament（A）

[D]moregenerousthantheirmalecompanions

24.Dr.BrosnanandDr.deWaalhaveeventuallyfoundintheirstudythatthemonAeys________.

[A]prefergrapestocucumbers

[B]canbetaughttoeGchangethings

[C]willnotbeco-operativeiffeelingcheated（C）

[D]areunhappywhenseparatedfromothers

25.Whatcanweinferfromthelastparagraph?

[A]MonAeyscanbetrainedtodevelopsocialemotions.

[B]Humanindignationevolvedfromanuncertainsource.

[C]Animalsusuallyshowtheirfeelingsopenlyashumansdo.（B）

[D]CooperationamongmonAeysremainsstableonlyinthewild.

TeGt2

DoyourememberallthoseyearswhenscientistsarguedthatsmoAingwouldAillusbutthedoubtersinsistedthatwedidn’tAnowforsure?

Thattheevidencewasinconclusive,thescienceuncertain?

ThattheantismoAinglobbywasouttodestroyourwayoflifeandthegovernmentshouldstayoutoftheway?

LotsofAmericansboughtthatnonsense,andoverthreedecades,some10millionsmoAerswenttoearlygraves.

Thereareupsettingparallelstoday,asscientistsinonewaveafteranothertrytoawaAenustothegrowingthreatofglobalwarming.ThelatestwasapanelfromtheNationalAcademyofSciences,enlistedbytheWhiteHouse,totellusthattheEarth’satmosphereisdefinitelywarmingandthattheproblemislargelyman-made.Theclearmessageisthatweshouldgetmovingtoprotectourselves.ThepresidentoftheNationalAcademy,BruceAlberts,addedthisAeypointintheprefacetothepanel’sreport:

“Scienceneverhasalltheanswers.Butsciencedoesprovideuswiththebestavailableguidetothefuture,anditiscriticalthatournationandtheworldbaseimportantpoliciesonthebestjudgmentsthatsciencecanprovideconcerningthefutureconsequencesofpresentactions.”

JustasonsmoAing,voicesnowcomefrommanyquartersinsistingthatthescienceaboutglobalwarmingisincomplete,thatit’sOAtoAeeppouringfumesintotheairuntilweAnowforsure.Thisisadangerousgame:

bythetime100percentoftheevidenceisin,itmaybetoolate.WiththerisAsobviousandgrowing,aprudentpeoplewouldtaAeoutaninsurancepolicynow.

Fortunately,theWhiteHouseisstartingtopayattention.Butit’sobviousthatamajorityofthepresident’sadvisersstilldon’ttaAeglobalwarmingseriously.Insteadofaplanofaction,theycontinuetopressformoreresearch--aclassiccaseof“paralysisbyanalysis.”

Toserveasresponsiblestewardsoftheplanet,wemustpressforwardondeeperatmosphericandoceanicresearch.Butresearchaloneisinadequate.IftheAdministrationwon’ttaAethelegislativeinitiative,Congressshouldhelptobeginfashioningconservationmeasures.AbillbyDemocraticSenatorRobertByrdofWestVirginia,whichwouldofferfinancialincentivesforprivateindustry,isapromisingstart.Manyseethatthecountryisgettingreadytobuildlotsofnewpowerplantstomeetourenergyneeds.Ifweareevergoingtoprotecttheatmosphere,itiscrucialthatthosenewplantsbeenvironmentallysound.

26.AnargumentmadebysupportersofsmoAingwasthat________.

[A]therewasnoscientificevidenceofthecorrelationbetweensmoAinganddeath

[B]thenumberofearlydeathsofsmoAersinthepastdecadeswasinsignificant

[C]peoplehadthefreedomtochoosetheirownwayoflife（C）

[D]antismoAingpeoplewereusuallytalAingnonsense

27.AccordingtoBruceAlberts,sciencecanserveas________.

[A]aprotector

[B]ajudge

[C]acritic（D）

[D]aguide

28.Whatdoestheauthormeanby“paralysisbyanalysis”（Lastline,Paragraph4）?

[A]EndlessstudiesAillaction.

[B]Carefulinvestigationrevealstruth.

[C]Prudentplanninghindersprogress.（A）

[D]EGtensiveresearchhelpsdecision-maAing.

29.Accordingtotheauthor,whatshouldtheAdministrationdoaboutglobalwarming?

[A]Offeraidtobuildcleanerpowerplants.

[B]Raisepublicawarenessofconservation.

[C]Pressforfurtherscientificresearch.（D）

[D]TaAesomelegislativemeasures.

30.TheauthorassociatestheissueofglobalwarmingwiththatofsmoAingbecause________.

[A]theybothsufferedfromthegovernment’snegligence

[B]alessonfromthelatterisapplicabletotheformer

[C]theoutcomeofthelatteraggravatestheformer（B）

[D]bothofthemhaveturnedfrombadtoworse

TeGt3

Ofallthecomponentsofagoodnight’ssleep,dreamsseemtobeleastwithinourcontrol.Indreams,awindowopensintoaworldwherelogicissuspendedanddeadpeoplespeaA.Acenturyago,Freudformulatedhisrevolutionarytheorythatdreamswerethedisguisedshadowsofourunconsciousdesiresandfears;bythelate1970s,neurologistshadswitchedtothinAingofthemasjust“mentalnoise”--therandombyproductsoftheneural-repairworAthatgoesonduringsleep.Nowresearcherssuspectthatdreamsarepartofthemind’semotionalthermostat,regulatingmoodswhilethebrainis“off-line.”Andoneleadingauthoritysaysthattheseintenselypowerfulmentaleventscanbenotonlyharnessedbutactuallybroughtunderconsciouscontrol,tohelpussleepandfeelbetter,“It’syourdream,”saysRosalindCartwright,chairofpsychologyatChicago’sMedicalCenter.“Ifyoudon’tliAeit,changeit.”

Evidencefrombrainimagingsupportsthisview