Geophysical Science Finals Review Part 22.docx

Geophysical Science Finals Review Part 22.docx

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GeophysicalScienceFinalsReviewPart22

Hydrogeology

TheHydrologicCycle

∙HydrologicCycle:

aconceptualmodelthatdescribesthestorageandmovementofwaterbetweenEarth’sdifferentspheres.

∙Reservoir:

locationwherewateronEarthcanbestoredsuchasatmosphere,oceans,lakes,rivers,soils,glaciers,snowfields,andgroundwater

-Watermovesbetweeneachreservoirthroughprocessesofevaporation,condensation（clouds）,precipitation,deposition,runoff,infiltration（goesthroughsoil）,sublimation（fromsolidtogas,occursnearsnow-coveredmountainpeaksetc.）,evapotranspiration（plantsbreathing）,melting,andgroundwaterflow.

∙residencetime:

howlongwaterstayswithinareservoir

glaciers

20–100years

seasonalsnowcover

2–6months

soilmoisture

1–2months

shallowgroundwater

100–200years

deepgroundwater

10,000years

lakes

50–100years

rivers

2–6months

∙Peopleareusingupwaterfasterthanitcanbereplacedinthereservoirs!

!

!

∙OfthewateronplanetEarth:

-Over97%issaltwater

-Lessthan35isfreshwater（mostistrappedinicebergsandglaciers）

∙2/3softheusablefreshwaterisgroundwater

∙Sunlightisthepowerengineofthewatercycle

∙Precipitationcan…

-Returntooceansasrunoff

-Seepintogroundwater

-Returntotheair

-Gothroughplantsthenbackintotheair

∙Porosity:

percentageofamaterial’svolumethatisporespace,howmuchwatercanbeheld

-Variesbecauseofparticleshapeandsorting

-Roundandwellsorted=highporosity

∙Permeability:

ratewaterorotherliquidspassthroughporespacesofarock

-Increaseswithgrainsize

-Ifamaterialisimpermeable,watercannotpassthroughit

∙capillarywater:

waterthatstickstoparticlesasitpassesthrough,canbereturnedtowatercyclebyevapotranspiration

∙Watertablevariesbecauseof…

-rainfall

-season

-groundslope

-climate

-rainfrequency

-soilthickness

∙watertablelocations:

-swamp,lakes,rivers,surface

-deserts,hundredofmetersbelowsurface

-farmland,fields,andwoods,fewmetersbeneathsurface

∙hardwateriswaterwithhighmineralcontent（wellsareharderthanrivers）

∙buildersinCantonusepeagravelandathickclaylayerinhomeconstructionbecausepeagravelispermeableandensureswallwontcrackinthecaseofflooding

Vocabulary（suggested）

∙zoneofsaturation:

allporespacesfilled

∙zoneofaeration:

sectionbetweenwatertableandsurfacethatcanstillholdsomewater

∙watertable:

uppersurfaceofthezoneofsaturation

∙capillaryaction:

interactionbetweenwaterandsoilthatallowswatertomoveagainstgravity

∙capillaryfringe:

wherecapillaryactionoccurs

∙ordinarywell:

wellcontainingwateruptothelevelofthewatertable

∙naturalspring:

areawherewatertablemeetsgroundsurface

∙aquifer:

permeablelayersofrockandsedimentthatstoreenoughwatertosupplyawell

∙artesianformation:

sandwichofpermeablelayerthatistrappedbetweentoimpermeablelayers

-caprock:

toplayerofimpermeablerockinanartesianformation

-artesianspring:

formswhentherearefissuresinanartesianformation

∙mineraldeposits:

highconcentrationofminerals

∙mudpot:

weatheredrockaroundahotspringthatmakesthewaterformaliquidclay,bubblingatthesurface

∙geyser:

hotspringthatintermittentlyshootscolumnsofhotwaterandsteam

∙mineralspring:

springscontainingaspecificamountofmineral

∙cavern:

largerundergroundchamber

∙sinkhole:

circulardepressioncausedwhentheroofofacaverncollapses

∙Karsttopography:

nameappliedtoahillylandscapewithnumerousdepressions

∙Stalactites:

cone-shapedcalcitedepositsuspendedfromtheceilingofacavern

∙Stalagmite:

con-shapedcalciumdepositthatpointsupwardsandisbuiltupfromacavernfloor

∙waterbudget:

describestheincomeandspendingofwaterforaregion

-surplus:

whenthereismoreprecipitationthanevaporation

-deficit:

whenthereismoreevaporationthanprecipitation

-humansareusinggroundwaterfasterthannaturecanrestockit

-pollutionisthreateningthesafetyofgroundwaterbecausepollutedsurfacewaterisseepingintogroundwater

-pollutingagentsinclude:

pesticide,oil,fertilizer,sewage,salt

-toomanyimpermeablesurfacespreventwaterfrombeingstored

SurfaceWater

∙runningwaterisaveryeffectiveagentoferosion

-erodesbyabrasion（roundingrock）

∙runningwatercanremoveerodedmaterialin3ways:

-solution:

veryfine,25%,notvisible

-suspension:

muddy,50%,givesriversitscolor

-bedload:

heavyrocksandboulders,25%,atbottomofrivers

∙carryingpower:

abilitytocarrymaterial

-dependsonthespeedofwaterandthedischarge（volumeofwater）

ErosionandWaterfalls

ThreeStagesofRivers

∙Young:

V-shapedvalley

-Fastflowing

-Steepsides

-Runsstraight

∙Mature:

reducedslopes

-Widersidesandwiderfloodplain

-Flowsslower

-Beginstomeander

∙OldAge:

gentleslope

-Verywidesides

-Slowflowing

-Oxbowlakes

-Withcut-offs

-Leveesformed

∙Riversstartwithgullies

∙Awatershedordrainagebasinistheriver,itstributaries,andallthelanditdrainsinto

FloodsandRiversContinued

∙Afloodoccurswhenariveroverflowsitsbanks,2thingshappenduringaflood

-Thespeedoftheriverflows

-Sedimentloadisimmediatelydeposited（theyformridgescalledlevees）

∙Floodplain:

veryfertilesoil,duetonutrientsfromoverflowedwater

∙ReasonsforFlooding:

heavy,longperiodsofrain,meltingofsnowonfrozenground,flashflood,damfailures

∙Floodpreventiontechniques:

-deepvegetationofbanksofrivers

-builddamsupstream

-buildleveestokeepwaterinsidebanks

-buildspillways（parallelchannelsforwatertoflowintoduringaflood）

∙depositionoccursinsidebanks

∙erosionoccursoutsidebanks

∙themosteffectiveerosiveagentiswater,itbreaksupbedrockandremovesweatheredanderodedmaterials

∙Watercanchemicallydissolvesolublematerial,andwidencracksandholes

∙Thespeedofastreamisdeterminedbysteepnessanddischarge

∙Riversystem:

ariverandallitstributaries

∙windgap:

abandonedwatergap

∙watergap:

narrowcutinridgethroughriver

∙Thefactorsthatcauseadecreasein:

-Speed:

slopedecreases,bankwidens,obstruction,emptyingintosea

-Discharge:

aridregion,seepage

∙Delta:

fanshapeddepositatmouthofriver,formswhenriverflowsintoquietbodyofwater

∙alluvialfan:

sedimentwashdownonmountainside,formwhenamountainstreammeetslevelland

∙levee:

build-updepositalongastream

OceansandElNiño

PropertiesoftheOcean

∙70%ofEarth’ssurfaceiswater,hencethename,“TheWaterPlanet”

∙Thereare4majoroceansrankedlargesttosmallest

−Pacific

−Atlantic

−Indian

−Arctic

∙Averagedepthofoceansis4x>averageelevation

WorldWar2

∙Helpedmakeadvancesinoceanicresearchwhilelookingforenemysubmarinesandmines

Salinity

∙Measurementofdissolvedions（mostlysodiumchloride）

∙Averageof35partsper1,000ml（3.5%）

TemperatureZonesintheOcean

∙3differenttemperaturezones

−MixedLayer:

haswind,waves,sunlight,andbeautifulaquaticlife

−Thermocline:

rapidtemperaturedeclineoccursinthislayer

−Deep:

verydeep,dark,andcold

∙2majorsourcesofoxygenintheocean

−Airmixedinfromsurfacewaves

−Airgivenofbyplantlifeintheocean

∙Oxygen,sunlight,andtemperaturedecreaseasdepthincreases

∙CO2increasesasdepthincreases

∙3thingsthatcausesalinitytodecreaseby3.4%

−Largeamountsoffreshwaterex）MississippiRiver

−Heavyrainfallatequator

−Polarwaterswhereglaciersarelocated

∙Regionswithaboveaveragesalinityby3.6%

−Hot,dry.Climates

−Polarwaters

∙Scientistsmeasuresalinitywithelectricalconductivity（saltwaterallowselectricalcurrentstopassthrough,therefore;waterswithhighersaltcontentwillallowanelectricalcurrenttopassfaster）

∙Saltwatercontainsvaluableelements（ions）besidessaltsuchascopper,gold,anduraniumintraceamounts

MEMORIZEATTACHEDDIAGRAM!

Note:

notalltermsavailable,studywrittennotes

OceanCurrents（anycontinuousflowofwateralongabroadpathintheocean,atthesurfaceorbellow）

∙Surfacecurrents:

−MoveclockwiseinN.hemisphere

−Movecounter-clockwiseinS.hemisphere

−Flowinupper1000metersofocean

∙Surfacecurrentsaredrivenbywind:

−Tradewinds:

akaeasterlies,blownearequatorfromtheeast

−Westerlies:

blowtoPolarRegionsfromthewest

∙Typesofsurfacecurrents:

−Warmcurrents:

onwestsideofoceanandblowawayfromequator（towardspolarregions）

−Coldcurrents:

oneastsideonoceanandblowtowardsequator（awayfrompolarregions）

−Countercurrents:

flowinoppositedirectionofsurfacecurrents,usuallyfoundalongequator,isapartoftheglobalconveyorbeltakathermohalinesystemthatcirculateswateraroundtheglobe

∙DensityCurrents:

cold,densewaterthatsinksfromsurfacetooceanbottomex）turbiditycurrents,theymoveslowercomparedtosurfacecurrents

Whysinwhichdensitycanchangeare:

1.Salinityincreases,densityincreases

2.

Evaporationincreases,densityincreases

3.Freezingincreases,densityincreases

4.Temperaturedecreases,densityincreases,

5.Polaranddesertregionsalsocontaindensewater

Upwelling:

coldwaterbroughttothesurfacethatbringsnutrientsforphytoplankton;itoccursonwestsideofcontinentsandisgoodforfishingindustries

ElNiño

∙PhenomenonthatoccurswhenseasurfacetemperatureintheeasternequatorialPacificbyPeruismuchwarmerthannormal.Tradewindsweakeninthissituationthenreversealongtheequator.