1上海高考英语完形填空真题 +答案.docx
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1上海高考英语完形填空真题+答案
2017年上海高考英语真题
2016年
Inthe1960s,DouglasMcGregor,oneofthekeythinkersintheartofmanagement,developedthemowfamousTheoryXandTheoryY.TheoryXistheideathatpeopleinstinctively(本能地)51workandwilldoanythingtoavoidit.TheoryYistheviewthateveryonehasthepotentialtofindsatisfactioninwork.
Inanycase,despitesomuchevidencetothe52,manymanagersstillagreetoTheoryX.Theybelieve,53,thattheiremployeesneedconstantsupervision(监督,管理)iftheyaretoworkeffectively,orthatdecisionsmustbe(imposesthonsb把…强加给某人)imposedfrom54withoutconsultation(咨询).This,ofcourse,makesforauthoritarian(专制的)managers.
Differentcultureshavedifferentwaysof55people.Unlikeauthoritarianmanagement,somecultures,particularlyinAsia,arewellknownfortheconsultativenatureofdecision-making—allmembersofthedepartmentorworkgroupareaskedto56tothisprocess.Thisismanagementbythecollective(集体的,共同的)opinion.ManywesterncompanieshavetriedtoimitatesuchAsianwaysofdoingthings,whicharebasedongeneral57.Someexpertssaythatwomenwillbecomemoreeffectivemanagersthanmenbecausetheyhavethepowertoreachcommongoalsinawaythattraditional58managerscannot.
Arecenttrendhasbeentoencourageemployeestousetheirowninitiative(首创精神,主动权),tomakedecisionsontheirownwithout59managersfirst.Thisempowerment(授权)hasbeenpartofthetrendtowardsdownsizing:
60thenumberofmanagementlayersincompanies.Afterde-layering(减少员工层)inthisway,acompanymaybe61withjustatoplevelofseniormanagers,front-linemanagersandemployeeswithdirectcontactwiththepublic.Empowermenttakestheideaofdelegation(委托)muchfurtherthanhas62beenthecase.Empowermentanddelegationmeannewformsofmanagementcontrolto63thattheoverallbusinessplanisbeingfollowed,andthatoperationsbecomemoreprofitableundertheneworganization,ratherthanless.
Anothertrendisoff-site(不在现场的)or64management,whereteamsofpeoplelinkedbye-mailandtheInternetworkonprojectsfromtheirownhouses.Projectmanagersevaluatethe65oftheteammembersintermsofwhattheyproduceforprojects,ratherthantheamountoftimetheyspendonthem.
51.A.desireB.seekC.loseD.dislike
52.A.contraryB.expectationC.degreeD.extreme
53.A.viceversaB.forexampleC.howeverD.otherwise
(反过来也是一样的)
54.A.outsideB.insideC.belowD.above
55.A.replacingB.assessingC.managingD.encouraging
(评价,估价)
56.A.referB.contributeC.objectD.apply
(~+to有助于)
57.A.agreementB.practiceC.electionD.impression
58.A.bossyB.experiencedC.westernD.male
59.A.askingB.trainingC.warningD.firing
60.A.doublingB.maintainingC.reducingD.estimating
61.A.honoredB.leftC.crowdedD.compared
62.A.economicallyB.traditionallyC.inadequatelyD.occasionally
(不够地,不够好地)
63.A.denyB.admitC.assumeD.ensure
(假定,承担)
64.A.virtualB.ineffectiveC.day-to-dayD.on-the-scene
65.A.opinionB.riskC.performanceD.attractiveness
2015年
Ifyoustudiedpicturesthatancientpeopleleftonrockwallsandyoutriedtodeterminetheirmeaning,youwouldnotdetect(探测,察觉)interestinromanceamongtheartists. 51,youwouldseeplentyofanimalswithpeoplerunningafterthem.Lifeforancientpeople’searnedtocenteron(集中在)huntingandgatheringwildfoodsformeals.
Inmoderntimes,whenfoodisavailableingrocerystores,findingloveismore 52 inpeople’slives.The 53 isallaroundus.Itiseasytopreparealistofmodernstorieshavingtodowithlove.Anendlessnumberofbooksandmoviesqualifyas(作为…合适)lovestoriesinpopularculture.
Researchersarestudyingwhetherlove,ahighlyvaluedemotionalstate,canbe 54.Theyask,whatislove?
Toothpastecompanieswantustothinkattractionisallaboutcleanteeth,butcleanteethgoonlysofar.Scientistswonderhowmuchthebraingetsinvolved.Youhaveprobablyheardthatoppositesattractbutthat 55 attract,too.Onethingiscertain:
Thetruthaboutloveisnotyetsetinstone.(一层不变,板上钉钉)
FirstImpression
Tohelpdeterminethe 56 ofattraction,researcherspaired164collegeclassmatesandhadthemtalkfor3,6or10minutessotheycouldgetasenseofeachother’sindividuality.Thenstudentswereaskedto 57 whatkindofrelationshiptheywerelikelytobuildwiththeirpartners.Afternineweeks,theyreportedwhathappened.
Asitturnedout,their 58 judgmentsoftenheldtrue.Studentsseemedto 59 atanearlystagewhowouldbestfitintotheirlives.
The 60 Knows
Scientistshavealsoturnedtononhumanstoincreaseunderstandingofattraction.Manyanimalsgiveoffpheromones(信息激素) — naturalchemicalsthatcanbedetectedby,andthencanproducearesponsein,otheranimalsofthesamespecies.Pheromonescansignalthatananimaliseitherreadytofightorisfeeling 61 topartnerships.Incontrast,humansdonotseemtobeas 62 asotheranimalsatdetectingsuchchemicals.Smell,however,doesseemtoplayapartinhumanattraction.Althoughwemaynotbeawareofchemicalslikepheromonesconsciously,wegiveandreceiveloadsofinformationthroughsmellineveryinteractionwithotherpeople.
FaceValue
Beingfondofsomeoneseemstohaveanumberoffactors,includingseeingsomethingwefindattractive.Researchershadpeoplejudgefacesfor 63.Theparticipantshad0.013secondstovieweachface,yetsomehowtheygenerallyconsideredtheimagesthesameaspeoplewhohadmoretimetostudythesamefaces.Thewaywe 64 attractivenessseemtobesomewhatautomatic.
Whenshownanattractivefaceandthenwordswithgoodorbadassociations,peoplerespondedto 65 wordsfasterafterviewinganattractiveface.Seeingsomethingattractiveseemstocausehappythinking.
51.A.Instead B.Therefore C.Moreover D.Otherwise
52.A.romantic B.stressful C.central D.beneficial
53.A.priority B.proof C.possibility D.principle
(原则,原理)
54.A.tested B.imposed C.changed D.created
55.A.appearances B.virtues C.similarities D.passions
56.A.illustrations B.implications C.ingredients D.intentions
(暗示,含意)(配料,材料)
57.A.predict B.investigate C.diagnose D.recall
(判断)
58.A.critical B.initial C.random D.mature
(批评的,决定性的)
59.A.memorize B.distinguish C.negotiate D.question
(谈判,协商)
60.A. Nose B. Eye C. Heart D. Hand
61.A.open B.alert C.resistant D.superior
(警觉的,灵敏的)
62.A.disappointed B.amazed C.confused D.gifted
63.A.emotions B.attractiveness C.individuality D.signals
64.A.enhance B.possess C.maintain D.assess
65.A.familiar B.plain C.positive D.insulting
(侮辱的)
2014年
Researchhasshownthattwo-thirdsofhumanconversationistakenupnotwithdiscussionoftheculturalorpoliticalproblemsoftheday,notheateddebatesaboutfilmswe'vejustwatchedorbookswe'vejustfinishedreading,butplainandsimple__51__.
Languageisourgreatesttreasureasaspecies,andwhatdowe__52__dowithit?
Wegossip.Aboutothers'behaviourandprivatelives,suchaswho'sdoingwhatwithwhom,who'sinandwho'sout-andwhy;howtodealwithdifficult__53__situationsinvolvingchildren,lovers,andcolleagues.
Sowhyarewekeenongossiping?
Arewejustnatural__54__,ofbothtimeandwords?
Ordowetalkalotaboutnothinginparticularsimplytoavoidfacingupto(敢于面对)thereallyimportantissuesoflife?
It'snotthecaseaccordingtoProfessorRobinDunbar.Infact,inhislatestbook,Grooming,GossipandtheEvolutionofLanguage,thepsychologistsaysgossipisoneofthesereally__55__issues.
Dunbar__56__thetraditionalviewthatlanguagewasdevelopedbythemenattheearlystageofsocialdevelopmentinordertoorganizetheirmanlyhuntingactivitiesmoreeffectively,oreventopromotetheexchangeofpoeticstoriesabouttheiroriginsandthesupernatural.(超自然的)Insteadhesuggeststhatlanguageevolved(进化)amongwomen.Wedon'tspendtwo-thirdsofourtimegossipingjustbecausewecantalk,arguesDunbar—__57__,hegoesontosay,languageevolvedspecificallytoallowustogossip.
Dunbararrivedathischeerytheorybystudyingthe__58__ofthehigherprimates(灵长类动物)likemonkeys.Bymeansofgrooming(打扮,梳理毛发,新郎,马夫)--cleaningthefurbybrushingit,monkeysformgroupswithotherindividualsonwhomtheycanrelyforsupportintheeventofsomekindofconflictwithinthegroupor__59__fromoutsideit.
Aswehumanbeingsevolvefromaparticularbranchoftheprimatefamily,Dunbar__60__thatatonetimeinourhistorywedidmuchthesame.Groupingtogethermadesensebecausethebiggerthegroup,thegreaterthe__61__itprovided;ontheotherhand,thebiggerthegroup,thegreaterthestressesoflivingclosetoothers.Groominghelpedto__62__thepressureandcalmeverybodydown.
Butasthegroupsgotbiggerandbigger,theamountoftimespentingroomingactivitiesalsohadtobe__63__tomaintainitseffectiveness.Clearly,amore__64__kindofgroomingwasneeded,andthuslanguageevolvedasakindofvocal(有声的)groomingwhichallowedhumanstodeveloprelationshipwithever-largergroupsbyexchanginginformationoverawidernetworkofindividualsthanwoul